Differential impacts of job-related vs leisure-related physical activity on depressive and cognitive function among middle-aged and elderly adults

Table 1 Characteristics of participants, n (%)/mean ± SD

Variables	Value (n = 16476)
Male	7929 (48.1)
Age < 60 years	9210 (55.9)
Rural residence	12962 (78.7)
Education level
Primary school or below	10366 (62.9)
Middle school or above	6110 (37.1)
Married	14363 (87.2)
Smoking	6989 (42.4)
Drinking	4539 (37.5)
Sleep duration, hours	6.227 ± 1.912
Nap duration, minutes	40.273 ± 48.302

Table 2 Healthy status and subjective assessments in study participants, n (%)

Variables	Value (n = 16476)
Adverse health events	774 (4.7)
Reported comorbidity
0	7068 (42.8)
1	6179 (37.5)
2	2323 (14.2)
≥ 3	906 (5.5)
Activities of daily living
Independent	16196 (98.3)
Dependent	280 (1.7)
Whether health influence life
Yes	1927 (11.8)
No	14549 (88.2)
Self-perceived health
Poor	1154 (7.0)
Moderate	6211 (37.7)
Good	9111 (55.3)
Self-perceived income
Poor	1944 (11.8)
Moderate	12933 (78.5)
Rich	1599 (9.7)

Table 3 Descriptive statistics of depression symptoms in 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, mean ± SD

Variables	Value (n = 16476)
Everything was an effort	1.95 ± 0.20
Restless sleep	1.55 ± 0.41
Trouble concentrating	1.63 ± 0.39
Bothered by things	1.59 ± 0.38
Depressed	1.61 ± 0.42
Fearful	1.27 ± 0.36
Lonely	1.45 ± 0.58
Happy	1.48 ± 0.25
Could not “get going”	0.95 ± 0.21
Hopeful about future	0.98 ± 0.32

Table 4 Descriptive statistics of cognitive function scores in Mini Mental State Examination, mean ± SD

Variables	Value (n = 16476)
Total score	25.41 ± 2.39
Orientation (to time, to place)	4.46 ± 0.55
Registration	2.31 ± 0.49
Attention and calculation	3.28 ± 0.95
Recall	2.32 ± 0.89
Language	1.89 ± 0.29
Repetition	0.95 ± 0.46
Complex commands	1.55 ± 1.35

Table 5 Multivariate regression results for depressive symptoms (model 1)

Variables	P value	OR	95%CI
JTPA score	0.011a	1.003	1.001-1.005
JVPA frequency (day/week)	0.022a	1.017	1.002-1.031
JMPA frequency (day/week)	0.619	1.003	0.990-1.017
JLPA frequency (day/week)	0.768	1.002	0.990-1.014
JVPA duration per time (minutes)	0.005b	1.001	1.000-1.001
JMPA duration per time (minutes)	0.164	1.000	1.000-1.001
JLPA duration per time (minutes)	0.782	1.000	0.999-1.000
ETPA score	0.011a	1.003	1.001-1.005
EVPA frequency (day/week)	0.797	1.005	0.970-1.040
EMPA frequency (day/week)	0.109	0.964	0.921,1.008
ELPA frequency (day/week)	0.718	10.992	0.951-1.035
EVPA duration per time (minutes)	0.291	1.001	0.999-1.002
EMPA duration per time (minutes)	0.030a	0.999	0.998-1.000
ELPA duration per time (minutes)	0.064	0.999	0.999-1.000

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; JTPA: Total physical activity for job demands; JVPA: Physical activity for job demands in vigorous-intensity; JMPA: Physical activity for job demands in moderate-intensity; JLPA: Physical activity for job demands in low-intensity; ETPA: Total physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands; EVPA: Physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands in vigorous-intensity; EMPA: Physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands in moderate-intensity; ELPA: Physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands in low-intensity.

Table 6 Multivariate regression results for depression symptoms (model 2)

Variables	P value	OR	95%CI
JTPA score	0.012a	1.003	1.001-1.005
JVPA frequency (day/week)	0.012a	1.003	1.001-1.005
JMPA frequency (day/week)	0.629	1.003	0.990-1.017
JLPA frequency (day/week)	0.782	1.002	0.990-1.014
JVPA duration per time (minutes)	0.005b	1.001	1.000-1.001
JMPA duration per time (minutes)	0.168	1.000	1.000-1.001
JLPA duration per time (minutes)	0.778	1.000	0.999-1.000
ETPA score	0.022a	0.992	0.985-0.999
EVPA frequency (day/week)	0.795	1.005	0.970-1.040
EMPA frequency (day/week)	0.109	0.964	0.921-0.008
ELPA frequency (day/week)	0.721	0.992	0.951-1.035
EVPA duration per time (minutes)	0.290	1.001	0.999-1.002
EMPA duration per time (minutes)	0.031a	0.999	0.998-1.000
ELPA duration per time (minutes)	0.670	0.999	0.999-1.000

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; JTPA: Total physical activity for job demands; JVPA: Physical activity for job demands in vigorous-intensity; JMPA: Physical activity for job demands in moderate-intensity; JLPA: Physical activity for job demands in low-intensity; ETPA: Total physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands; EVPA: Physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands in vigorous-intensity; EMPA: Physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands in moderate-intensity; ELPA: Physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands in low-intensity.

Table 7 Multivariate regression results for cognitive function (model 1)

Variables	P value	OR	95%CI
JTPA score	0.004b	1.008	1.002-1.007
JVPA frequency (day/week)	0.001b	1.046	1.018-1.075
JMPA frequency (day/week)	0.210	0.984	0.959-1.009
JLPA frequency (day/week)	0.990	1.000	0.978-1.022
JVPA duration per time (minutes)	0.107	1.001	1.000-1.001
JMPA duration per time (minutes)	0.693	1.000	0.999-1.001
JLPA duration per time (minutes)	0.315	1.000	1.000-1.001
ETPA score	0.358	0.996	0.984-1.006
EVPA frequency (day/week)	0.397	1.025	0.968-1.085
EMPA frequency (day/week)	0.158	0.949	0.882-1.021
ELPA frequency (day/week)	0.870	0.994	0.927-1.067
EVPA duration per time (minutes)	0.071	1.002	1.000-1.004
EMPA duration per time (minutes)	0.017a	0.998	0.996-1.000
ELPA duration per time (minutes)	0.732	1.000	0.999-1.001

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; JTPA: Total physical activity for job demands; JVPA: Physical activity for job demands in vigorous-intensity; JMPA: Physical activity for job demands in moderate-intensity; JLPA: Physical activity for job demands in low-intensity; ETPA: Total physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands; EVPA: Physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands in vigorous-intensity; EMPA: Physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands in moderate-intensity; ELPA: Physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands in low-intensity.

Table 8 Multivariate regression results for cognitive function (model 2)

Variables	P value	OR	95%CI
JTPA score	0.003b	1.007	1.002-1.011
JVPA frequency (day/week)	0.023a	1.017	1.002-1.031
JMPA frequency (day/week)	0.629	1.003	0.990-1.017
JLPA frequency (day/week)	0.782	1.002	0.990-1.014
JVPA duration per time (minutes)	0.105	1.001	1.000-1.001
JMPA duration per time (minutes)	0.712	1.000	0.999-1.001
JLPA duration per time (minutes)	0.315	1.000	1.000-1.001
ETPA score	0.357	0.995	0.984-1.006
EVPA frequency (day/week)	0.795	1.005	0.970-1.040
EMPA frequency (day/week)	0.109	0.964	0.921-0.008
ELPA frequency (day/week)	0.721	0.992	0.951-1.035
EVPA duration per time (minutes)	0.068	1.002	1.000-1.004
EMPA duration per time (minutes)	0.018a	0.998	0.996-1.000
ELPA duration per time (minutes)	0.709	1.000	0.999-1.001

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; JTPA: Total physical activity for job demands; JVPA: Physical activity for job demands in vigorous-intensity; JMPA: Physical activity for job demands in moderate-intensity; JLPA: Physical activity for job demands in low-intensity; ETPA: Total physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands; EVPA: Physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands in vigorous-intensity; EMPA: Physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands in moderate-intensity; ELPA: Physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands in low-intensity.

Table 9 Characteristics of clinical participants, n (%)/mean ± SD

Variables	Value (n = 200)
Male	98 (49.0)
Age < 60 years	105 (52.5)
Rural residence	157 (78.5)
Education level
Primary school or below	126 (63.0)
Middle school or above	74 (37.0)
Married	174 (87.0)
Smoking	85 (42.5)
Drinking	75 (37.5)
Sleep duration, hour	6.251 ± 1.873
Nap duration, minute	40.306 ± 44.532

Table 10 Healthy status and subjective assessments in clinical participants, n (%)

Variables	Value (n = 200)
Adverse health events	9 (4.5)
Reported comorbidity
0	90 (45.0)
1	75 (37.5)
2	25 (12.5)
≥ 3	10 (5.0)
Activities of daily living
Independent	197 (98.5)
Dependent	3 (1.5)
Whether health influence life
Yes	24 (12.0)
No	176 (88.0)
Self-perceived health
Poor	18 (9.0)
Moderate	70 (35.0)
Good	112 (56.0)
Self-perceived income
Poor	24 (12.0)
Moderate	157 (78.5)
Rich	19 (9.5)

Table 11 Depression symptoms in 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale of clinical participants, mean ± SD

Variables	Value (n = 200)
Everything was an effort	1.91 ± 0.25
Restless sleep	1.54 ± 0.33
Trouble concentrating	1.65 ± 0.35
Bothered by things	1.54 ± 0.41
Depressed	1.67 ± 0.46
Fearful	1.23 ± 0.34
Lonely	1.40 ± 0.52
Happy	1.45 ± 0.31
Could not “get going”	0.97 ± 0.27
Hopeful about future	0.94 ± 0.29

Table 12 Cognitive function scores in Mini Mental State Examination of clinical participants, mean ± SD

Variables	Value (n = 200)
Total score	25.47 ± 2.11
Orientation (to time, to place)	4.26 ± 0.56
Registration	2.23 ± 0.43
Attention and calculation	3.19 ± 0.74
Recall	2.24 ± 0.79
Language	1.96 ± 0.32
Repetition	0.92 ± 0.45
Complex commands	1.68 ± 1.56

Table 13 Multivariate regression results for depressive symptoms (external validation)

Variables	P value	OR	95%CI
JTPA score	0.020a	1.004	1.001-1.007
JVPA frequency (day/week)	0.030a	1.015	1.001-1.029
JMPA frequency (day/week)	0.650	1.004	0.989-1.019
JLPA frequency (day/week)	0.800	1.001	0.989-1.013
JVPA duration per time (minutes)	0.008b	1.001	1.000-1.002
JMPA duration per time (minutes)	0.180	1.000	1.000-1.001
JLPA duration per time (minutes)	0.800	1.000	0.999-1.001
ETPA score	0.015a	1.004	1.001-1.007
EVPA frequency (day/week)	0.800	1.006	0.968-1.045
EMPA frequency (day/week)	0.120	0.960	0.915-1.007
ELPA frequency (day/week)	0.750	1.000	0.955-1.047
EVPA duration per time (minutes)	0.300	1.001	0.999-1.003
EMPA duration per time (minutes)	0.040a	0.999	0.998-1.000
ELPA duration per time (minutes)	0.080	0.999	0.999-1.000

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; JTPA: Total physical activity for job demands; JVPA: Physical activity for job demands in vigorous-intensity; JMPA: Physical activity for job demands in moderate-intensity; JLPA: Physical activity for job demands in low-intensity; ETPA: Total physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands; EVPA: Physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands in vigorous-intensity; EMPA: Physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands in moderate-intensity; ELPA: Physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands in low-intensity.

Table 14 Multivariate regression results for cognitive decline (external validation)

Variables	P value	OR	95%CI
JTPA score	0.005b	1.007	1.002-1.012
JVPA frequency (day/week)	0.002b	1.040	1.015-1.066
JMPA frequency (day/week)	0.250	0.988	0.963-1.014
JLPA frequency (day/week)	0.995	1.000	0.977-1.023
JVPA duration per time (minutes)	0.150	1.001	1.000-1.002
JMPA duration per time (minutes)	0.720	1.000	0.999-1.001
JLPA duration per time (minutes)	0.350	1.000	0.999-1.001
ETPA score	0.400	0.997	0.985-1.009
EVPA frequency (day/week)	0.450	1.020	0.960-1.084
EMPA frequency (day/week)	0.200	0.950	0.880-1.025
ELPA frequency (day/week)	0.900	0.995	0.925-1.070
EVPA duration per time (minutes)	0.100	1.002	1.000-1.004
EMPA duration per time (minutes)	0.020a	0.998	0.996-1.000
ELPA duration per time (minutes)	0.750	1.000	0.999-1.001

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; JTPA: Total physical activity for job demands; JVPA: Physical activity for job demands in vigorous-intensity; JMPA: Physical activity for job demands in moderate-intensity; JLPA: Physical activity for job demands in low-intensity; ETPA: Total physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands; EVPA: Physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands in vigorous-intensity; EMPA: Physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands in moderate-intensity; ELPA: Physical activity for entertainments or exercise demands in low-intensity.