Depression and anxiety symptoms among operating room nurses: Prevalence and correlations with occupational environmental factors

Table 1 Anxiety and depression scores among operating room nurses with different characteristics, mean ± SD

Characteristics	n	SAS score	SDS score	t/F value1	P value1	t/F value2	P value2
Gender				0.936	0.351	2.045	0.043
Male	27	47.44 ± 11.97	50.96 ± 10.94
Female	124	49.58 ± 10.47	55.79 ± 11.15
Age				7.151	< 0.001	3.174	0.026
< 26 years old	26	47.65 ± 9.23	53.81 ± 10.18
26-36 years old	78	52.55 ± 9.88	57.27 ± 11.91
37-46 years old	37	45.62 ± 10.96	52.70 ± 9.98
> 46 years old	10	40.30 ± 11.04	47.80 ± 8.65
Educational background				1.300	0.276	0.213	0.809
Junior college	9	48.67 ± 12.06	52.78 ± 15.21
Undergraduate	138	49.48 ± 10.66	55.11 ± 10.96
Master’s degree or higher	4	40.75 ± 9.32	53.50 ± 13.67
Marital status				0.458	0.648	0.298	0.766
Unmarried	28	48.36 ± 10.66	55.50 ± 10.17
Married/divorced	123	49.39 ± 10.79	54.80 ± 11.50
Number of children				0.466	0.706	0.362	0.781
0	32	47.69 ± 10.65	55.41 ± 9.74
1	82	50.09 ± 10.95	55.07 ± 11.76
2	33	48.36 ± 9.89	54.79 ± 11.52
3	4	50.00 ± 16.21	49.25 ± 11.64
Operating room tenure				15.169	< 0.001	7.465	< 0.001
1-5 years	44	45.93 ± 9.19	52.55 ± 9.82
6-10 years	45	55.42 ± 8.61	59.84 ± 10.85
11-15 years	37	52.05 ± 9.16	57.30 ± 11.27
16-20 years	18	41.39 ± 10.12	46.67 ± 8.90
≥ 21 years	7	34.71 ± 9.76	47.00 ± 8.76
Professional title				7.841	< 0.001	3.202	0.025
Nurse	35	50.57 ± 9.17	53.86 ± 9.29
Senior Nurse	67	47.48 ± 9.95	54.69 ± 11.18
Nurse-in-Charge	40	53.63 ± 11.21	58.23 ± 12.56
Associate chief nurse and above	9	37.00 ± 8.89	46.22 ± 7.34
Job position				13.253	< 0.001	4.910	0.003
Scrub Nurse	42	56.36 ± 7.79	59.10 ± 10.61
Circulating Nurse	68	48.41 ± 10.20	55.22 ± 10.46
Post-Anesthesia Care Unit Nurse	11	43.27 ± 12.08	52.18 ± 13.81
Nurse with Administrative Responsibilities	30	43.13 ± 9.66	49.43 ± 10.75

¹Values of t/F and P values represent the results of comparisons of anxiety scores among operating room nurses with different characteristics.

²Values of t/F and P values represent the results of comparisons of depression scores among operating room nurses with different characteristics.

SAS: Self-rating Anxiety Scale; SDS: Self-rating Depression Scale.

Table 2 Anxiety and depression symptoms among operating room nurses with different characteristics, n (%)

Characteristics	n	Anxiety symptoms			χ2 value	P value	Depression symptoms			χ2 value	P value
		Asymptomatic	Mild	Moderate and above			Asymptomatic	Mild	Moderate and above
Gender					0.132	0.936				6.947	0.031
Male	27	12 (44.44)	12 (44.44)	3 (11.11)			16 (59.26)	6 (22.22)	5 (18.52)
Female	124	53 (42.74)	54 (43.55)	17 (13.71)			40 (32.26)	48 (38.71)	36 (29.03)
Age					12.874	0.045				20.023	0.003
< 26 years old	26	13 (50.00)	11 (42.31)	2 (7.69)			8 (30.77)	15 (57.69)	3 (11.54)
26-36 years old	78	24 (30.77)	39 (50.00)	15 (19.23)			25 (32.05)	21 (26.92)	32 (41.03)
37-46 years old	37	21 (56.76)	13 (35.14)	3 (8.11)			17 (45.95)	15 (40.50)	5 (13.51)
> 46 years old	10	7 (70.00)	3 (30.00)	0 (0.00)			6 (60.00)	3 (30.00)	1 (10.00)
Educational background					2.349	0.672				1.124	0.890
Junior college	9	3 (33.33)	5 (55.56)	1 (11.11)			4 (44.44)	2 (22.22)	3 (33.33)
Undergraduate	138	59 (42.75)	60 (43.48)	19 (13.77)			50 (36.23)	51 (36.96)	37 (26.81)
Master’s degree or higher	4	3 (75.00)	1 (25.00)	0 (0.00)			2 (50.00)	1 (25.00)	1 (25.00)
Marital status					1.278	0.528				0.769	0.681
Unmarried	28	12 (42.86)	14 (50.00)	2 (7.14)			9 (32.14)	12 (42.86)	7 (25.00)
Married/divorced	123	53 (43.09)	52 (42.28)	18 (14.63)			47 (38.21)	42 (34.15)	34 (27.64)
Number of children					2.697	0.846				2.845	0.828
0	32	15 (46.88)	15 (46.88)	2 (6.25)			10 (31.25)	14 (43.75)	8 (25.00)
1	82	35 (42.68)	34 (41.46)	13 (15.85)			31 (37.80)	27 (32.93)	24 (29.27)
2	33	14 (42.42)	15 (45.45)	4 (12.12)			13 (39.39)	11 (33.33)	9 (27.27)
3	4	1 (25.00)	2 (50.00)	1 (25.00)			2 (50.00)	2 (50.00)	0 (0.00)
Operating room tenure					33.901	< 0.001				38.559	< 0.001
1-5 years	44	25 (56.82)	16 (36.36)	2 (4.55)			16 (36.36)	24 (54.55)	4 (9.09)
6-10 years	45	8 (17.78)	25 (55.56)	12 (26.67)			11 (24.44)	10 (22.22)	24 (53.33)
11-15 years	37	12 (32.43)	19 (51.35)	6 (16.22)			12 (32.43)	13 (35.14)	12 (32.43)
16-20 years	18	13 (72.22)	5 (27.78)	0 (0.00)			12 (66.67)	6 (33.33)	0 (0.00)
≥ 21 years	7	6 (85.71)	1 (14.29)	0 (0.00)			5 (71.43)	1 (14.29)	1 (14.29)
Professional title					21.931	0.001				14.821	0.022
Nurse	35	13 (37.14)	18 (51.43)	4 (11.43)			12 (34.29)	17 (48.57)	6 (17.14)
Senior Nurse	67	32 (47.76)	31 (46.27)	4 (5.97)			26 (38.81)	23 (34.33)	18 (26.87)
Nurse-in-Charge	40	12 (30.00)	16 (40.00)	12 (30.00)			11 (27.50)	12 (30.00)	17 (42.50)
Associate Chief Nurse and above	9	8 (88.89)	1 (11.11)	0 (0.00)			7 (77.78)	2 (22.22)	0 (0.00)
Job position					31.162	< 0.001				20.002	0.003
Scrub Nurse	42	4 (9.52)	28 (66.67)	10 (23.81)			11 (26.19)	11 (26.19)	20 (47.62)
Circulating Nurse	68	34 (50.00)	25 (36.76)	9 (13.24)			22 (32.35)	31 (45.59)	15 (22.06)
Post-Anesthesia Care Unit Nurse	11	7 (63.64)	4 (36.36)	0 (0.00)			5 (45.45)	3 (27.27)	3 (27.27)
Nurse with Administrative Responsibilities	30	20 (66.67)	9 (30.00)	1 (3.33)			18 (60.00)	9 (30.00)	3 (10.00)

Table 3 Occupational environment scores of operating room nurses, mean ± SD

Project	Number of Items	Total score	Average item score	Ranking by average item score
PES-NWI	31	94.21 ± 7.58	3.04 ± 0.24
Nurse participation in hospital affairs	9	23.66 ± 4.91	2.63 ± 0.55	5
Nursing administrators’ competence and leadership	5	16.66 ± 2.36	3.33 ± 0.47	1
Foundations for quality nursing care	10	31.88 ± 4.69	3.19 ± 0.47	3
Adequacy of staffing and resources	4	12.30 ± 2.44	3.07 ± 0.61	4
Collegial nurse-physician relations	3	9.71 ± 1.41	3.24 ± 0.47	2

PES-NWI: Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index.

Table 4 Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis of anxiety in operating room nurses

Project	B value	SE value	Β value	t value	P value	R value	R2 value	Adjusted R2 value	F value	P value
First layer						0.505	0.255	0.235	12.517	< 0.001
Age	-1.117	1.967	-0.084	-0.568	0.571
Operating room tenure	0.223	1.439	0.024	0.155	0.877
Professional title	4.569	1.317	0.36	3.469	0.001
Job position	-6.312	0.995	-0.621	-6.340	< 0.001
Second layer						0.735	0.541	0.525	34.126	< 0.001
Age	-0.485	1.552	-0.036	-0.312	0.755
Operating room tenure	-0.480	1.137	-0.052	-0.422	0.673
Professional title	2.061	1.071	0.162	1.924	0.056
Job position	-3.312	0.846	-0.326	-3.915	< 0.001
PES-NWI average item score	-25.544	2.692	-0.581	-9.488	< 0.001

PES-NWI: Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index.

Table 5 Stratified multivariate linear regression analysis of depression among operating room nurses

Project	B value	SE value	Β value	t value	P value	R value	R2 value	Adjusted R2 value	F value	P value
First layer						0.418	0.174	0.146	6.125	< 0.001
Gender	-3.376	2.244	-0.116	-1.504	0.135
Age	-0.402	2.179	-0.029	-0.185	0.854
Operating room tenure	-0.735	1.597	-0.075	-0.460	0.646
Professional title	4.683	1.476	0.353	3.172	0.002
Job position	-4.863	1.107	-0.457	-4.394	< 0.001
Second layer						0.500	0.250	0.219	8.007	< 0.001
Gender	-2.672	2.154	-0.091	-1.24	0.217
Age	-0.010	2.087	-0.001	-0.005	0.996
Operating room tenure	-1.163	1.532	-0.119	-0.759	0.449
Professional title	3.404	1.451	0.257	2.346	0.020
Job position	-3.278	1.137	-0.308	-2.883	0.005
PES-NWI average item score	-13.82	3.623		-3.815	< 0.001

PES-NWI: Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index.