Association between parenting styles and child and adolescent mental health: The mediation effect of family functioning and self-concept

Table 1 Association of parental rearing style with mental health symptoms among participants

Variable	Total	Event	Crude model		Adjusted model1
			OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Paternal emotional warmth	4433	290	0.94 (0.93-0.95)	< 0.001	0.94 (0.93-0.96)	< 0.001
Paternal punishment and severity	4433	290	1.11 (1.1-1.13)	< 0.001	1.12 (1.1-1.13)	< 0.001
Paternal over involvement	4433	290	1.16 (1.13-1.19)	< 0.001	1.15 (1.13-1.18)	< 0.001
Paternal preference for the child	4433	290	0.99 (0.96-1.02)	0.408	0.97 (0.93-1.01)	0.18
Paternal rejection and denial	4433	290	1.25 (1.21-1.29)	< 0.001	1.24 (1.2-1.28)	< 0.001
Paternal over protection	4433	290	1.31 (1.26-1.37)	< 0.001	1.31 (1.26-1.37)	< 0.001
Maternal emotional warmth	4433	290	0.95 (0.94-0.96)	< 0.001	0.95 (0.94-0.96)	< 0.001
Maternal over interference and over protection	4433	290	1.11 (1.09-1.12)	< 0.001	1.1 (1.09-1.12)	< 0.001
Maternal rejection and denial	4433	290	1.18 (1.15-1.2)	< 0.001	1.17 (1.14-1.19)	< 0.001
Maternal punishment and severity	4433	290	1.15 (1.12-1.17)	< 0.001	1.15 (1.12-1.17)	< 0.001
Maternal preference for the child	4433	290	0.99 (0.96-1.02)	0.453	0.97 (0.93-1.02)	0.219

¹Adjusted for age, gender, residence, only child, left behind status, parental marital status, father’s education, mother’s education, family income.

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 2 Association of children’s self-concept with mental health symptoms among participants - Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale

Variable	Total	Event	Crude model		Adjusted model1
			OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Behavior	4433	290	0.68 (0.66-0.71)	< 0.001	0.68 (0.66-0.71)	< 0.001
Intellectual and school status	4433	290	0.72 (0.69-0.75)	< 0.001	0.72 (0.69-0.76)	< 0.001
Physical appearance and attributes	4433	290	0.71 (0.67-0.74)	< 0.001	0.72 (0.68-0.75)	< 0.001
Anxiety	4433	290	0.5 (0.47-0.54)	< 0.001	0.49 (0.45-0.52)	< 0.001
Popularity	4433	290	0.51 (0.48-0.55)	< 0.001	0.51 (0.48-0.55)	< 0.001
Happiness and satisfaction	4433	290	0.50 (0.45-0.54)	< 0.001	0.52 (0.47-0.56)	< 0.001
PHCSS total score	4433	290	0.86 (0.85-0.87)	< 0.001	0.86 (0.85-0.87)	< 0.001

¹Adjusted for age, gender, residence, only child, left behind status, parental marital status, father’s education, mother’s education, family income.

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; PHCSS, Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale.

Table 3 Association of family functioning with mental health symptoms among participants - family assessment device

Variable	Total	Event	Crude model		Adjusted model1
			OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Problem solving	4433	290	1.04 (1.01-1.08)	0.006	1.05 (1.01-1.08)	0.006
Communication	4433	290	1.23 (1.18-1.27)	< 0.001	1.21 (1.17-1.26)	< 0.001
Roles	4433	290	1.16 (1.13-1.19)	< 0.001	1.15 (1.12-1.19)	< 0.001
Affective responsiveness	4433	290	1.29 (1.23-1.35)	< 0.001	1.26 (1.20-1.32)	< 0.001
Affective involvement	4433	290	1.14 (1.11-1.17)	< 0.001	1.15 (1.12-1.18)	< 0.001
Behavioral control	4433	290	1.15 (1.11-1.20)	< 0.001	1.15 (1.10-1.19)	< 0.001
General functioning	4433	290	1.15 (1.12-1.18)	< 0.001	1.15 (1.12-1.18)	< 0.001

¹Adjusted for age, gender, residence, only child, left behind status, parental marital status, father’s education, mother’s education, family income.

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.