Effects of different timing nutritional support on the growth and development < 2 kg newborns and mothers' anxiety and depression

Table 1 Comparison of baseline data between two groups, n (%)/mean ± SD

Baseline information	Group S (n = 32)	Group L (n = 32)	t/χ2 value	P value
Gestational age (weeks)	31.87 ± 2.94	31.68 ± 3.21	0.267	0.806
Delivery method			0.291	0.590
Caesarean section	21 (65.63)	23 (71.88)
Natural childbirth	11 (34.37)	9 (28.12)
Gender			0.063	0.802
Male baby	17 (53.13)	18 (56.25)
Female infant	15 (46.87)	14 (43.75)
Birth weight (kg)	1.63 ± 0.26	1.66 ± 0.32	0.412	0.682
Birth length (cm)	41.15 ± 3.17	41.31 ± 3.28	0.198	0.843
Birth head circumference (cm)	30.24 ± 3.63	30.22 ± 3.59	0.022	0.982
Mother's age (years)	26.76 ± 4.28	26.48 ± 4.17	0.265	0.791
Mother's reproductive history			0.066	0.798
Primipara	19 (59.38)	20 (62.50)
Multipara	13 (40.62)	12 (37.50)
Mother education degree			1.036	0.309
High school and below	15 (46.87)	11 (34.37)
College or higher	17 (53.13)	21 (65.63)
Maternal high risk factors during pregnancy
Gestational diabetes mellitus	6 (18.75)	7 (21.88)	0.097	0.756
Gestational hypertension	13 (40.63)	10 (31.25)	0.611	0.434
Gestational hypothyroidism	5 (15.63)	3 (9.38)	0.571	0.450

Table 2 Comparison of milk volume between the two groups during nutritional support, mean ± SD

Milk volume (mL/kg/d)	Group S (n = 32)	Group L (n = 32)	t value	P value
1 week	14.72 ± 3.43	11.35 ± 2.98	4.196	< 0.001
2 weeks	48.95 ± 11.24	40.86 ± 11.71	2.819	0.006
3 weeks	75.38 ± 16.57	66.32 ± 14.75	2.310	0.024
4 weeks	98.43 ± 19.16	89.05 ± 17.98	2.019	0.048

Table 3 Comparison of total bilirubin values between two groups of children during nutritional support, mean ± SD

Total bilirubin (µmol/L)	Group S (n = 32)	Group L (n = 32)	t value	P value
1 week	64.85 ± 7.98	74.65 ± 9.67	4.422	< 0.001
2 weeks	85.42 ± 13.16	93.92 ± 14.83	2.425	0.018
3 weeks	60.19 ± 10.45	69.45 ± 11.37	3.392	0.001
4 weeks	50.35 ± 9.49	60.18 ± 10.18	3.996	< 0.001

Table 4 Comparison of digestive function adverse reactions between two groups of children during nutritional support, n (%)

Digestive adverse reactions	Group S (n = 32)	Group L (n = 32)	χ² value	P value
Vomiting	4 (12.50)	1 (3.13)	0.868	0.352
Abdominal distension	5 (15.63)	3 (9.38)	0.143	0.705
Constipation	4 (12.50)	6 (18.75)	0.119	0.731
Diarrhea	1 (3.13)	3 (9.38)	0.267	0.606
Residual	2 (6.25)	4 (12.50)	0.184	0.668

Table 5 Comparison of complications during nutritional support between two groups of children, n (%)

Complication	Group S (n = 32)	Group L (n = 32)	χ² value	P value
Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis	1 (3.13)	7 (21.88)	5.143	0.023
Infection	1 (3.13)	6 (18.75)	4.010	0.045

Table 6 Comparison of growth and development indicators between two groups of children before and after nutritional support, mean ± SD

Index	Stage	Group S (n = 32)	Group L (n = 32)	t value	P value
Weight (kg)	Before intervention	1.63 ± 0.26	1.66 ± 0.32	0.412	0.682
	After intervention	2.48 ± 0.51a	2.19 ± 0.39a	2.555	0.013
length (cm)	Before intervention	41.15 ± 3.17	41.31 ± 3.28	0.198	0.843
	After intervention	48.69 ± 5.15a	46.08 ± 5.03a	2.051	0.045
Head circumference (cm)	Before intervention	30.24 ± 3.63	30.22 ± 3.59	0.022	0.982
	After intervention	33.95 ± 2.28a	32.45 ± 2.06a	2.761	0.007

^aP < 0.05, compared with before intervention in the same group.

Table 7 Comparison of anxiety and depression scores among mothers, mean ± SD

Mother's psychological condition	Stage	Group S (n = 32)	Group L (n = 32)	t value	P value
SAS score (divide)	Before intervention	68.49 ± 13.27	68.07 ± 12.85	0.129	0.898
	After intervention	50.25 ± 6.43a	56.24 ± 9.38a	2.980	0.004
SDS score (divide)	Before intervention	62.83 ± 12.96	62.11 ± 12.61	0.225	0.823
	After intervention	48.17 ± 5.82a	53.38 ± 5.73a	3.609	0.001

^aP < 0.05, Compared with before intervention in the same group.

SAS: Self Rating Anxiety Scale; SDS: Self Rating Depression Scale.