Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Psychiatry. May 19, 2025; 15(5): 104995
Published online May 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.104995
Table 1 Univariate analysis of depression, n (%)
Variable
Without depression (n = 35)
Depression (n = 65)
P value
Age (years)0.617
< 6015 (42.9)29 (44.6)
≥ 6020 (57.1)36 (55.4)
Sex0.253
Male32 (91.4)59 (90.8)
Female3 (8.6)6 (9.2)
Education< 0.001
Primary18 (51.5)50 (76.9)
Secondary9 (25.7)7 (10.8)
Senior high school6 (17.1)5 (7.7)
College or above2 (5.7)3 (4.6)
Live alone< 0.001
Yes17 (48.6)51 (78.5)
No18 (51.4)14 (21.5)
KPS score< 0.001
60-8019 (54.3)48 (73.8)
> 8016 (45.7)17 (26.2)
HAMA score< 0.001
< 1417 (48.5)19 (29.2)
14-2111 (31.4)12 (18.5)
≥ 227 (20.1)34 (52.3)
HAMD score< 0.001
≤ 815 (42.8)20 (30.8)
9-208 (22.8)8 (12.3)
≥ 2112 (34.3)37 (56.9)
Previous liver resection< 0.001
Yes8 (22.9)30 (46.2)
No27 (77.1)35 (53.8)
TACE/HAIC< 0.001
Yes25 (71.4)62 (95.4)
No10 (28.6)3 (4.6)
BCLC stage< 0.001
B12 (34.3)6 (9.2)
C23 (65.7)59 (90.8)
Number of tumors0.028
Single9 (25.7)5 (7.7)
Multiple26 (74.3)60 (92.3)
FACT-Hep scores< 0.001
Good12 (34.3)6 (9.2)
Poor23 (65.7)59 (90.8)
FACT-Hep scores, mean ± SD136.5 ± 11.36114.62 ± 10.850.039
Social support0.017
Low support15 (42.9)35 (53.8)
Moderate support9 (25.7)19 (29.2)
High support11 (31.4)11 (17.0)
History of smoking0.215
Yes16 (45.7)35 (53.8)
No19 (54.3)30 (46.2)
History of drinking0.743
Yes20 (57.1)40 (61.5)
No15 (42.9)25 (38.5)
KPS: Karnofsky performance score; HAMA: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAMD: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; TACE: Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; HAIC: Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; FACT-Hep: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Hepatobiliary Questionnaire.
Table 2 Univariate analysis of anxiety, n (%)
Variable
Without anxiety (n = 36)
Anxiety (n = 64)
P value
Age (years)0.041
< 6015 (41.7)21 (32.8)
≥ 6021 (58.3)43 (67.2)
Sex0.013
Male29 (80.6)62 (96.9)
Female7 (19.4)2 (3.1)
Education< 0.001
Primary17 (47.2)49 (76.6)
Secondary9 (25.1)8 (12.5)
Senior high school7 (19.4)5 (7.8)
College or above3 (8.3)2 (3.1)
Live alone< 0.001
Yes19 (52.8)50 (78.1)
No17 (47.2)14 (21.9)
KPS score< 0.001
60-8020 (55.6)47 (73.4)
> 8016 (44.4)17 (26.6)
HAMA score< 0.001
< 1417 (47.2)19 (29.7)
14-2111 (30.6)12 (18.7)
≥ 228 (22.2)33 (51.6)
HAMD score< 0.001
≤ 815 (41.7)15 (23.4)
9-208 (22.2)8 (12.5)
≥ 2113 (36.1)41 (64.1)
Previous liver resection< 0.001
Yes8 (22.2)30 (46.9)
No28 (77.8)34 (53.1)
TACE/HAIC< 0.001
Yes25 (69.4)62 (96.9)
No11 (30.6)2 (3.1)
BCLC stage< 0.001
B13 (36.1)5 (7.8)
C23 (63.9)59 (92.2)
Number of tumors< 0.001
Single10 (27.8)4 (6.3)
Multiple26 (72.2)60 (93.7)
FACT-Hep scores< 0.001
Good13 (36.1)5 (7.8)
Poor23 (63.9)59 (92.2)
FACT-Hep scores, mean ± SD138.7 ± 11.42119.65 ± 10.730.015
Social support< 0.001
Low support14 (38.9)33 (51.6)
Moderate support8 (22.2)20 (31.2)
High support14 (38.9)11 (17.2)
History of smoking0.571
Yes19 (52.8)33 (51.6)
No17 (47.2)31 (48.4)
History of drinking0.039
Yes17 (47.2)36 (56.3)
No19 (52.8)28 (43.7)
KPS: Karnofsky performance score; HAMA: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAMD: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; TACE: Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; HAIC: Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; FACT-Hep: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Hepatobiliary Questionnaire.
Table 3 Binary logistic regression analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma combined with depression
Variable
OR
95%CI
P value
Education (primary & secondary vs senior high school)1.6931.124-2.5380.028
Live alone (yes vs no)1.1630.718-1.5440.951
KPS score (> 80 vs 60-80)0.8560.573-0.9690.012
HAMA score (≥ 14 vs < 14)2.0031.539-2.651< 0.001
HAMD score (> 8 vs ≤ 8)1.8261.324-2.318< 0.001
Previous liver resection (yes vs no)1.2671.152-1.6340.017
TACE/HAIC (yes vs no)1.3181.167-1.826< 0.001
BCLC stage (C vs B)1.4231.175-1.953< 0.001
Number of tumors (multiple vs single)2.5281.582-3.2560.034
FACT-Hep scores (good vs poor)0.6430.458-0.985< 0.001
Social support (high vs low & moderate)0.7220.603-0.987< 0.001
OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; KPS: Karnofsky performance score; HAMA: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAMD: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; TACE: Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; HAIC: Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; FACT-Hep: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Hepatobiliary Questionnaire.
Table 4 Binary logistic regression analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma combined with anxiety
Variable
OR
95%CI
P value
Age (≥ 60 vs < 60)1.2281.114-1.514< 0.001
Sex (male vs female)1.1040.925-1.3530.773
Education (primary & secondary vs senior high school)1.7281.139-2.5230.028
Live alone (yes vs no)1.1930.736-1.5340.951
KPS score (> 80 vs 60-80)0.8880.584-0.9570.012
HAMA score (> 14 vs ≤ 14)2.0381.554-2.636< 0.001
HAMD score (> 8 vs ≤ 8)1.8561.336-2.308< 0.001
Previous liver resection (yes vs no)1.2991.163-1.6220.017
TACE/HAIC (yes vs no)1.3531.182-1.811< 0.001
BCLC stage (C vs B)1.4551.187-1.943< 0.001
Number of tumors (multiple vs single)2.5671.893-3.2440.034
FACT-Hep scores (good vs poor)0.6780.473-0.978< 0.001
Social support (high vs low & moderate)0.7520.615-0.977< 0.001
History of drinking (yes vs no)2.0071.483-2.684< 0.001
OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; KPS: Karnofsky performance score; HAMA: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAMD: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; TACE: Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; HAIC: Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; FACT-Hep: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Hepatobiliary Questionnaire.
Table 5 Correlation analysis between anxiety and depression scores and quality of life in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
VariableFACT-Hep scores
r
P value
HAMA score-0.671< 0.001
HAMD score-0.575< 0.001
FACT-Hep: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Hepatobiliary Questionnaire; HAMA: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAMD: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.