Correlation analysis between sleep quality and depressive symptoms among rural elderly in China: An observational study

Table 1 Comparison of general characteristics among the elderly based on depressive symptoms, n (%)

Characteristics	Surveyed people, n = 5136	People with depressive symptoms, n = 1000	χ2	P value
Gender			59.751	< 0.001
Female	3269 (63.6)	742 (22.7)
Male	1867 (36.4)	258 (13.8)
Age (years old)			45.368	< 0.001
60-69	2339 (45.5)	361 (15.4)
70-79	2229 (43.4)	502 (22.5)
≥ 80	568 (11.1)	137 (24.1)
Marital status			61.458	< 0.001
Married	3926 (76.4)	670 (17.1)
Divorced/widowed/unmarried	1210 (23.6)	330 (27.3)
Living situation			55.179	< 0.001
Living alone	1115 (21.7)	304 (27.3)
Living with others	4021 (78.3)	696 (17.3)
Educational level			53.507	< 0.001
Primary school and below	4008 (78.0)	864 (21.6)
Junior high school	750 (14.6)	101 (13.5)
High school and above	378 (7.4)	35 (9.3)
Monthly income (yuan)			60.512	< 0.001
< 1000	3909 (76.1)	855 (21.9)
1000-3499	799 (15.6)	98 (12.3)
≥ 3500	428 (8.3)	47 (11.0)
Medical payment method			57.943	< 0.001
Self-payment	273 (5.3)	95 (34.8)
Employee medical insurance	724 (14.1)	97 (13.4)
Resident medical insurance	4139 (80.6)	808 (19.5)
Smoking status			9.120	0.003
Smoking	678 (13.2)	103 (15.2)
Non-smoking	4458 (86.8)	897 (20.1)
Drinking status			41.440	< 0.001
Drinking	1198 (23.3)	156 (13.0)
Non-drinking	3938 (76.7)	844 (21.4)
Sleep quality			661.372	< 0.001
Poor	2061 (40.1)	759 (36.8)
Good	3075 (59.9)	241 (7.8)

Table 2 Comparison of sleep status in the elderly according to depressive symptoms, n (%)

Items	Number of cases	Depressive group	Non-depressive group	χ2	P value
Overall sleep disorder (score)				661.372	< 0.001
≤ 7	3075 (59.87)	241 (7.8)	2834 (92.2)
> 7	2061 (40.13)	759 (36.8)	1302 (63.2)
Subjective sleep quality (score)				598.994	< 0.001
< 2	4125 (80.3)	527 (12.8)	3598 (87.2)
≥ 2	1011 (19.7)	473 (46.8)	538 (53.2)
Sleep onset time (score)				500.220	< 0.001
< 2	3113 (60.6)	296 (9.5)	2817 (90.5)
≥ 2	2023 (39.4)	704 (34.8)	1319 (65.2)
Sleep duration (score)				181.489	< 0.001
< 2	2056 (40.0)	213 (10.4)	1843 (89.6)
≥ 2	3080 (60.0)	787 (25.6)	2293 (74.4)
Sleep efficiency (score)				296.058	< 0.001
< 2	2790 (54.3)	300 (10.8)	2490 (89.2)
≥ 2	2346 (45.7)	700 (29.8)	1646 (70.2)
Sleep disturbance (score)				208.417	< 0.001
< 2	4880 (95.0)	861 (17.6)	4019 (82.4)
≥ 2	256 (5.0)	139 (54.3)	117 (45.7)
Daytime dysfunction (score)				507.038	< 0.001
< 2	3468 (67.5)	376 (10.8)	3092 (89.2)
≥ 2	1668 (32.5)	624 (37.4)	1044 (62.6)
Hypnotic drug use (score)				75.671	< 0.001
< 2	5015 (97.6)	939 (18.7)	4076 (81.3)
≥ 2	121 (2.4)	61 (50.4)	60 (49.6)

Table 3 Binary logistic regression analysis of different sleep dimensions and depression status (adjusted for total sleep score)

Variables	B	Standard error	Wald	P value	OR (95%CI)
Subjective sleep quality	0.726	0.097	56.337	< 0.001	2.066 (1.709-2.497)
Sleep onset time	0.907	0.093	94.592	< 0.001	2.476 (2.062-2.972)
Sleep duration	-0.001	0.115	< 0.001	0.993	0.999 (0.797-1.253)
Sleep efficiency	0.522	0.106	24.219	< 0.001	1.686 (1.369-2.076)
Sleep disturbance	0.738	0.148	24.982	< 0.001	2.092 (1.566-2.795)
Daytime dysfunction	1.217	0.081	225.585	< 0.001	3.378 (2.882-3.959)
Hypnotic drug use	0.508	0.214	5.649	0.017	1.662 (1.093-2.525)

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.