Application of neurobiofeedback therapy technology on social skills and emotion regulation in children with autism spectrum disorder

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Dec 19, 2025 (publication date) through Dec 9, 2025

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

World J Psychiatry. Dec 19, 2025; 15(12): 111522
Published online Dec 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i12.111522

Table 1 Comparison of general data, mean ± SD

Group	Gender, n (%)		Age (years)	BMI (kg/m²)	IQ (fractional)	Disease duration	CARS2-ST score
Group	Male	Female	Age (years)	BMI (kg/m²)	IQ (fractional)	Disease duration	CARS2-ST score
Conventional group (n = 43)	36 (83.72)	7 (16.28)	3.44 ± 0.70	25.30 ± 3.48	72.14 ± 2.56	3.30 ± 0.52	43.12 ± 3.19
Combined group (n = 49)	40 (81.63)	9 (18.37)	3.39 ± 0.67	25.62 ± 2.95	71.94 ± 2.62	3.47 ± 0.69	42.88 ± 2.91
χ²/t	0.070		0.378	0.476	0.371	1.299	0.371
P value	0.792		0.706	0.636	0.712	0.197	0.712

BMI: Body mass index; IQ: Intelligence quotient; CARS2-ST: Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition - Standard Version.

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Table 2 Comparison of Aberrant Behavior Checklist scores, mean ± SD

Group	Before treatment		t	P value	After treatment		t	P value
Group	Conventional group (n = 43)	Combined group (n = 49)	t	P value	Conventional group (n = 43)	Combined group (n = 49)	t	P value
Sensory behavior	13.30 ± 3.70	12.94 ± 3.11	0.512	0.610	9.79 ± 1.70^a	7.08 ± 1.18^a^,^b	8.812	< 0.001
Social interaction	19.09 ± 4.81	19.94 ± 4.09	0.912	0.365	15.58 ± 3.89^a	12.90 ± 3.63^a^,^b	3.423	0.001
Athletic ability	18.77 ± 4.19	17.98 ± 4.64	0.850	0.398	16.16 ± 3.81^a	14.49 ± 3.19^a^,^b	2.292	0.024
Language communication skills	23.74 ± 5.90	23.76 ± 5.28	0.009	0.993	19.16 ± 4.36^a	17.78 ± 3.72^a^,^b	2.316	0.023
Social and adaptive skills	15.70 ± 4.09	15.84 ± 3.83	0.168	0.867	9.93 ± 3.11^a	8.18 ± 3.03^a^,^b	2.723	0.008

^aP < 0.05 vs before treatment.

^bP < 0.05 vs conventional group.

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Table 3 Comparison of Chinese version of the Psycho-Educational Profile, Third Edition scores, mean ± SD

Group	Before treatment		t	P value	After treatment		t	P value
Group	Conventional group (n = 43)	Combined group (n = 49)	t	P value	Conventional group (n = 43)	Combined group (n = 49)	t	P value
Imitate	3.61 ± 1.21	3.66 ± 1.19	0.332	0.740	4.92 ± 1.33^a	6.58 ± 1.91^a^,^b	5.022	< 0.001
Perception	5.71 ± 1.52	5.89 ± 1.67	0.994	0.323	7.11 ± 2.14^a	8.63 ± 2.09^a^,^b	3.559	0.001
Fine motor	3.59 ± 1.09	3.70 ± 1.31	0.770	0.443	4.97 ± 1.27^a	6.78 ± 1.53^a^,^b	6.039	< 0.001
Gross motor	6.52 ± 2.13	6.58 ± 2.34	0.170	0.865	7.51 ± 2.35^a	9.65 ± 2.28^a^,^b	4.186	< 0.001
Hand-eye coordination	4.48 ± 1 .37	4.50 ± 1.26	0.076	0.940	5.43 ± 1.74^a	7.02 ± 2.12^a^,^b	3.924	< 0.001
Cognitive performance	2.39 ± 0.85	2.34 ± 0.76	0.135	0.893	4.63 ± 1.12^a	6.16 ± 1.34^a^,^b	6.247	< 0.001
Language cognition	1.86 ± 0.74	1.88 ± 0.69	0.369	0.713	2.75 ± 0.91^a	3.89 ± 1.17^a^,^b	5.086	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05 vs before treatment.

^bP < 0.05 vs conventional group.

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Table 4 Comparison of Social Responsiveness Scale scores, mean ± SD

Group	Before treatment		t	P value	After treatment		t	P value
Group	Conventional group (n = 43)	Combined group (n = 49)	t	P value	Conventional group (n = 43)	Combined group (n = 49)	t	P value
Social perception	16.74 ± 1.33	17.12 ± 1.62	1.216	0.227	12.28 ± 1.46^a	9.18 ± 1.78^a^,^b	8.845	< 0.001
Social cognition	19.72 ± 1.50	19.81 ± 1.62	0.353	0.725	15.71 ± 1.65^a	13.42 ± 1.46^a^,^b	7.025	< 0.001
Social communication	31.77 ± 2.52	32.31 ± 2.46	1.035	0.303	28.59 ± 2.69^a	26.07 ± 2.38^a^,^b	4.805	< 0.001
Social motivation	14.91 ± 1.51	15.22 ± 1.67	0.950	0.345	12.87 ± 1.82^a	10.64 ± 1.37^a^,^b	6.857	< 0.001
Autistic behavior	18.07 ± 1.68	17.90 ± 1.31	0.550	0.584	14.17 ± 2.06^a	11.91 ± 1.84^a^,^b	5.396	< 0.001
Total score	101.21 ± 4.02	102.39 ± 3.91	1.423	0.158	83.60 ± 4.56^a	71.16 ± 4.45^a^,^b	13.230	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05 vs before treatment.

^bP < 0.05 vs conventional group.

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Table 5 Comparison of Emotion Regulation Checklist scores, mean ± SD

Group	Emotion regulation checklist-emotion regulation		Emotion regulation checklist-lability/negativity subscale
Group	Before treatment	After treatment	Before treatment	After treatment
Conventional group (n = 43)	20.82 ± 2.79	22.19 ± 3.27^a	37.35 ± 3.47	35.08 ± 3.51^a
Combined group (n = 49)	19.65 ± 2.93	24.52 ± 3.06^a^,^b	36.72 ± 3.11	32.68 ± 3.35^a^,^b
t	1.835	3.525	0.825	3.352
P value	0.070	0.001	0.412	0.001

^aP < 0.05 vs before treatment.

^bP < 0.05 vs conventional group.

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Table 6 Comparison of Social Communication Questionnaire scores, mean ± SD

Group	Before treatment	After treatment	t	P value
Conventional group (n = 43)	15.35 ± 3.73	18.42 ± 4.55^a	3.303	0.001
Combined group (n = 49)	15.62 ± 3.11	20.92 ± 4.56^a^,^b	6.763	< 0.001
t	0.263	2.713	-	-
P value	0.793	0.008	-	-

^aP < 0.05 vs before treatment.

^bP < 0.05 vs conventional group.

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Table 7 Comparison of adverse reactions, n (%)

Group	Irritability	Dysphoria	Crying and fussing	Total occurrences
Conventional group (n = 43)	1 (2.33)	1 (2.33)	2 (4.65)	5 (11.63)
Combined group (n = 49)	0	2 (4.08)	2 (4.08)	4 (8.16)
χ²	-	-	-	0.311
P value	-	-	-	0.577

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Citation: Wang XN, Luo WW, Li HY, Zhang T. Application of neurobiofeedback therapy technology on social skills and emotion regulation in children with autism spectrum disorder. World J Psychiatry 2025; 15(12): 111522
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v15/i12/111522.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v15.i12.111522

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