Correlation analyse between thyroid hormone levels and severity of schizophrenia symptoms

doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i1.100880

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Jan 19, 2025 (publication date) through Dec 24, 2024

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Psychiatry. Jan 19, 2025; 15(1): 100880
Published online Jan 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i1.100880

Table 1 General information

General information	Control group (n = 55)	Schizophrenia group			t/Z	P value
General information	Control group (n = 55)	Mild group (n = 39)	Moderate group (n = 45)	Severe group (n = 16)	t/Z	P value
Age (years)	34.56 ± 10.03	34.28 ± 10.67	34.71 ± 10.35	34.86 ± 10.43	0.018	0.997
Gender (male/female)	25/30	18/21	22/23	6/10	0.622	0.891
Smoking, n (%)	17 (30.91)	11 (28.21)	13 (28.89)	5 (31.25)	0.113	0.990
Drinking, n (%)	4 (7.27)	5 (12.82)	4 (8.88)	1 (6.25)	1.040	0.792
Family history, n (%)	17 (30.91)	11 (28.21)	13 (28.89)	5 (31.25)	0.113	0.990
Marital status, n (%)					0.772	0.993
Unmarried	16 (29.09)	12 (30.77)	13 (28.89)	4 (25.00)
Married	30 (54.55)	20 (51.28)	23 (51.11)	8 (50.00)
Divorced/widowed	9 (16.36)	7 (17.95)	9 (20.00)	4 (25.00)
Years of education (years)	15.93 ± 1.50	15.97 ± 1.27	15.42 ± 1.62	15.638 ± 1.20	1.380	0.251

Table 2 Comparison of thyroid hormone levels (mean ± SD)

Grouping	T3 (nmol/L)	T4 (nmol/L)	FT3 (pmol/L)	FT4 (pmol/L)	TSH (mIU/L)	Cortisol (mmol/L)
Control group (n = 55)	2.04 ± 0.53	118.66 ± 17.44	4.60 ± 0.50	16.51 ± 2.20	3.10 ± 0.90	3.23 ± 0.09
Schizophrenia group (n = 100)	1.77 ± 0.58	98.78 ± 16.30	4.35 ± 0.60	13.40 ± 2.19	2.08 ± 0.85	6.50 ± 1.30
t	2.856	7.086	2.783	8.442	7.002	25.066
P value	0.005	< 0.001	0.006	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

T3: Triiodothyronine; T4: Thyroxine; FT3: Free triiodothyronine; FT4: Free thyroxine; TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone.

Table 3 Comparison of serum thyroid hormone concentrations in each group (mean ± SD)

Grouping	T3 (nmol/L)	T4 (nmol/L)	FT3 (pmol/L)	FT4 (pmol/L)	TSH (mIU/L)	Cortisol (mmol/L)	PANSS
Mild group (n = 39)	1.95 ± 0.63	103.12 ± 17.42	4.29 ± 0.52	13.22 ± 1.80	2.08 ± 0.52	4.95 ± 0.88	68.51 ± 5.77
Moderate group (n = 45)	1.72 ± 0.52	94.13 ± 16.11	4.33 ± 0.58	12.99 ± 2.00^a	2.88 ± 0.85^a	6.32 ± 1.25^a	75.20 ± 6.38^a
Severe group (n = 16)	1.50 ± 0.50	85.23 ± 15.20	4.36 ± 0.62	13.32 ± 2.12^a^,^b	3.41 ± 0.99^a^,^b	7.45 ± 1.50^a^,^b	81.88 ± 7.06^a^,^b
t	4.049	9.615	0.102	0.021	20.721	29.743	28.311
P value	0.020	0.003	0.903	0.885	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05, compared with the mild group.

^bP < 0.05, compared with the severe group.

T3: Triiodothyronine; T4: Thyroxine; FT3: Free triiodothyronine; FT4: Free thyroxine; TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone; PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.

Table 4 Correlation between thyroid hormone and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale score

Thyroid hormone	PANSS score
Thyroid hormone	r	P value
T3	-0.259	0.025
T4	-0.218	0.029
FT3	0.130	0.196
FT4	-0.049	0.631
TSH	0.215	0.032
FSH	0.315	0.019

T3: Triiodothyronine; T4: Thyroxine; FT3: Free triiodothyronine; FT4: Free thyroxine; TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone; FSH: Follicle-stimulating hormone; PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.

Table 5 Receiver operating characteristic curve analyse of related factors

Index	AUC	SE	95%CI	P value	Optimal cutoff value	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)
T3	0.749	0.071	0.614-0.856	0.001	≤ 1.68	75.0	74.4
T4	0.766	0.070	0.632-0.870	< 0.001	≤ 98.82	87.5	56.4
FT3	0.545	0.093	0.405-0.680	0.628	> 4.49	50.0	74.36
FT4	0.547	0.092	0.407-0.682	0.608	> 13.86	62.5	66.7
TSH	0.890	0.051	0.777	0.958	> 2.74	81.2	89.7
Cortisol	0.925	0.038	0.821-0.978	< 0.001	> 5.88	81.3	89.7

T3: Triiodothyronine; T4: Thyroxine; FT3: Free triiodothyronine; FT4: Free thyroxine; TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone; AUC: Area under the curve; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 6 Value assignment of relevant factors

Factor	Assignment
T3	1: ≤ 1.68 nmol/L, 0: > 1.68 nmol/L
T4	1: ≤ 98.82 nmol/L, 0: > 98.82 nmol/L
FT3	1: ≤ 4.49 pmol/L, 0: > 4.49 pmol/L
FT4	1: ≤ 13.86 pmol/L, 0: > 13.86 pmol/L
TSH	1: ≤ 2.74 mIU/L, 0: > 2.74 mIU/L
Cortisol	1: > 5.88 mmol, 0: ≤ 5.88 mmol

T3: Triiodothyronine; T4: Thyroxine; FT3: Free triiodothyronine; FT4: Free thyroxine; TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone.

Table 7 Logistic multivariate analyse of factors affecting schizophrenia

Index	β	SE	Wald	OR (95%CI)	P value
T3	-0.616	0.245	10.262	1.852 (1.526-2.652)	< 0.001
T4	-0.506	0.219	10.550	1.658 (1.121-1.985)	< 0.001
FT3	-0.227	0.277	2.958	1.255 (1.026-1.451)	0.152
FT4	-0.264	0.241	4.545	1.302 (1.114-1.534)	0.089
TSH	-0.699	0.271	9.518	2.011 (1.781-2.698)	< 0.001
Cortisol	0.511	0.230	9.825	1.523 (1.132-2.011)	< 0.001

T3: Triiodothyronine; T4: Thyroxine; FT3: Free triiodothyronine; FT4: Free thyroxine; TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Citation: Jiang QH, Gong WD. Correlation analyse between thyroid hormone levels and severity of schizophrenia symptoms. World J Psychiatry 2025; 15(1): 100880
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v15/i1/100880.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v15.i1.100880