Effects of antiseizure medications on alternative psychosis and strategies for their application

Table 1 Clinical features and treatment of forced normalization

Classification			Ref.
Clinical features	LEV	Abnormal mental behavior and dissociative personality	[11,19,21]
	ESM	Mania; visual and olfactory hallucinations; paranoid psychosis	[9,24,25]
	VPA	Paranoid thoughts, agitation, sleep disturbances, confusion	[26,27]
	LTG	Irritable, inattention, insomnia, paranoid thoughts, and hallucinations appearing	[3,10]
	LCM	Paranoid behavior and psychotic symptoms	[3,28,29]
	TPM	Abnormal mental behavior	[20]
	ZNS	Communication disorders, interpersonal tension and stereotyped behaviors	[20,30]
	VGB	Hallucinations and anxiety	[1,31]
	PHT	Paranoia, restlessness, aggressiveness, command hallucinations, and stereotyped, short-term psychomotor excitement and impulsive violent events, irritability	[3,12,32]
	ESL	Behavioral disturbances, psychosis	[3]
	BRV	Dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder	[3]
Treatment	Dose reduction or drug withdrawal		[3-5,10,11,15,21]
	Control of mental symptoms (haloperidol, risperidone)		[2,3,5,25,26,33]
	Electroshock		[19]

LEV: Levetiracetam; ESM: Ethosuximide; VPA: Valproate; LTG: Lamotrigine; LCM: Lacosamide; TPM: Topiramate; ZNS: Zonisamide; VGB: Vigabatrin; PHT: Phenytoin; ESL: Eslicarbazepine; BRV: Brivaracetam.