Published online Aug 19, 2021. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i8.449
Peer-review started: March 18, 2021
First decision: June 5, 2021
Revised: June 18, 2021
Accepted: July 14, 2021
Article in press: July 14, 2021
Published online: August 19, 2021
Processing time: 147 Days and 0.4 Hours
Cancer is a growing threat to human health. Due to the double torment of cancer and cancer treatment, patients with advanced cancer generally have a low quality of life. At present, there is a lack of systematic spiritual care plans for patients with advanced cancer as well as systematic guidance plans on the specific clinical application of spiritual care for advanced cancer patients. We hypothesized that our care plan would be effective in improving the spiritual and mental health and quality of life of patients with advanced cancer.
To construct a spiritual care plan suitable for Chinese patients with advanced cancer through literature analysis.
From February to December 2018, through purpose sampling, we selected 100 advanced cancer patients from the Oncology Department and Hospice Ward of a tertiary hospital in Liaoning Province who met the study standards. Patients were randomly divided into experimental and control groups, with 50 cases in each group. The control group received the current routine care, while the experimental group received the advanced cancer spiritual care intervention in addition to routine care.
After the intervention, the overall spiritual health score for the experimental group was higher than that of the control group (4.68 ± 1.36 vs 3.63 ± 1.71). The difference between the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The proportion of anxiety-free patients in the experimental group was 95.45%, which was significantly higher than the 60.98% in the control group. Moreover, the proportion of non-depressed patients in the experimental group was 97.73%, which was significantly higher than the 85.37% in the control group (P < 0.05). The overall quality of life score for the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group (5.36 ± 1.16 vs 4.39 ± 1.36, P < 0.05).
Our spiritual care plan for patients with advanced cancer could improve their spiritual health and quality of life and reduce negative mental health symptoms.
Core Tip: We constructed a spiritual care program for advanced cancer patients suitable for Chinese culture and national conditions, and carried it out for advanced cancer patients. Results showed that the spiritual health status and quality of life of advanced cancer patients were improved, and their anxiety and depression reduced.
- Citation: Sun XH, Liu X, Zhang B, Wang YM, Fan L. Impact of spiritual care on the spiritual and mental health and quality of life of patients with advanced cancer. World J Psychiatr 2021; 11(8): 449-462
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v11/i8/449.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v11.i8.449
As the environment is deteriorating, human health is facing a growing number of threats. One such threat that has grown increasingly significant is cancer. It has been estimated that the number of cancer patients worldwide had risen to 3 million in 2020, two-thirds of which are advanced cancers with low chances of cure[1]. Patients with advanced cancer generally have a low quality of life. Due to the double torment of cancer and cancer treatment, their psychological, physical, social, familial, and other aspects of their lives are all negatively affected in varying degrees[2]. Spiritual care is a complex and multidimensional concept with different definitions[3] and refers to patients seeking the meaning of life, gaining peace and comfort, obtaining emotional support from family members, and alleviating the fear of death during illness with the help of professional medical service teams, social groups, families, volunteers, and religious personnel, thereby improving the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer[4]. Global research on the spiritual care of patients with advanced cancer is relatively novel. A relatively mature care model that includes a professional care team and complete tools for evaluating the spiritual needs of patients with advanced cancer has been created. At present, the spiritual care model in China is based on the four-in-one holistic care model of body-mind-community-spirit. Intervention measures are embodied in several aspects, such as peaceful, holistic, special, hospice, overall nursing care, palliative treatment, death education, etc. However, there is a lack of systematic spiritual care plans for patients with advanced cancer as well as a lack of systematic guidance plans on the specific clinical application of spiritual care for them, which greatly reduces the effectiveness of care. The purpose of spiritual care is to pay attention to the patient's attitude towards the disease. This means that the patient’s spiritual care is more important than their physical care[5]. We used advanced global spiritual care guidelines as references and combined them with information around the Chinese setting to construct a spiritual care plan that was suitable for Chinese culture. Our care plan achieved good results when applied to advanced cancer patients.
We searched the Chinese Biological Medicine Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, and VIP Information Resource System using Chinese search terms such as cancer, tumor, advanced stage, spirituality, spiritual care, spiritual intervention, etc. We also searched the PubMed, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Web of Science databases. To collect data as comprehensively as possible, we combined the aforementioned keywords in Chinese and English and included references from the retrieved literature. We invited nine experts in oncology and its related fields to revise the constructed spiritual care plan for advanced cancer patients through meetings with experts[6]. The selection criteria for the experts were as follows: (1) working in the fields of advanced cancer clinical nursing, nursing management, nursing education, advanced cancer clinical medicine, psychology, and other related disciplines; (2) having an under graduate degree or higher; (3) having a medium-grade professional title or higher; (4) having 10 or more years of work experience in their professional fields and being familiar with the content of our study; and (5) participating in our study voluntarily.
From February to December 2018, cancer patients from the Oncology Department and Hospice Ward of a tertiary hospital in Liaoning Province who qualified for our study were selected through objective sampling. Patients were stratified according to the different departments to which they were admitted. In each ward, 20% of the actual number of hospitalizations were sampled. We sampled a total of 100 patients and used randomized grouping to separate them into our study groups. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) a histological or cytological diagnosis of a tumor node metastasis stage III or IV malignant tumor; (2) age >18 years; (3) being able to communicate and understand; (4) being able to provide informed consent and participate voluntarily; and (5) being aware of their condition. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) impaired consciousness; and (2) being unable to understand or fill in the scale correctly.
General information survey form: This included details of the patient's age, gender, education, family income, medical expense payments, etc.
Clinical data questionnaire: This questionnaire was self-designed and based on the literature review. It included information such as the patient’s cancer diagnosis and stage, as well as whether there was metastasis.
The Chinese version of the European Organization for Cancer Research and Treatment Quality of Life Questionnaire-Spiritual Well-Being 32 (EORTC QLQ-SWB32)[7] scale: The original English scale was developed and validated by the EORTC QOL Group in 2017 for the assessment of the spiritual health status of patients with advanced cancer. EORTC QLQ-SWB32 consists of 32 items, with 22 items forming four multiitem scales: Existential; Relationship with Self; Relationships with Others; and Relationship with Someone or Something Greater. The first 31 items were scored using a four-point Likert Scale with answers ranging from "not at all" to "very". Item 32 was mainly used to reflect the patient's overall spiritual health status: 0 point, did not know or was unable to answer; 1 point, very poor; 7 points, very good. As the score increased, the patient’s overall spiritual health improved[8]. In 2017, the author translated the scale into Chinese version[9] (it is not an official EORTC translation), and the total Cronbach α coefficient of the scale was 0.808.
The General Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: This scale was created by Zigmond et al[10] in 1983 and translated into Chinese by Ye et al[11] in 1993 to form its Chinese version. It is used in general hospitals to assess patients’ anxiety and depression. Cronbach’s α for the Chinese version of the scale was 0.870.
The Chinese version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 15 Palliative (EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL): The EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL was based on the EORTC QLQ-C30 and created by Groenvold et al[12] in 2005. It was translated into Chinese by Luo et al[13] in 2014 and was used to assess the quality of life of cancer patients in palliative care. Excluding the emotional function dimension, Cronbach’s α values for the other dimensions were all > 0.7.
Intervention plan for the control group: The control group received routine care plans, including general and symptomatic care; tumor chemotherapy, radiotherapy, biotherapy, intracavitary therapy care, and psychological care.
Intervention plan for the experimental group: Based on routine care implementation and guided by the "Spiritual Care Plan for Patients with Advanced Cancer", we provided spiritual care for patients with advanced cancer. This included the following services: (1) Admission evaluation: For the patients who met the inclusion criteria, after informed consent was obtained from the patient and their caregivers, the research participant’s basic information was collected and their spiritual care needs and spiritual health status were evaluated; (2) Spiritual care intervention: From 2–3 d after admission, based on the "Spiritual Care Plan for Advanced Cancer Patients" that we created, the researchers and oncology specialist nurses from each department worked together to carry out the intervention. Interventions included participating in activities and watching face-to-face guidance videos or targeted explanations and were implemented in a small conference room or ward in the Oncology Department. Patients’ examination, treatment, nursing, and meal times were avoided, and their free and rest times were designated as the times when the interventions could take place; this was usually between 3:00 pm and 5:00 pm. A total of five interventions were carried out, each 30–60 min long. The patients‘ psychological and emotional states were closely monitored during each intervention. If the patient felt unwell, they could choose to take a break or have their session at another time; and (3) Post-intervention evaluation: After the intervention, patients' self-expression was asked in time. They were also asked to fill in the spiritual health assessment scale and other questionnaires to analyze quantitatively the effects of the spiritual care plan on patients with advanced cancer.
The researchers collected data before and after the intervention. Before collection, our study’s purpose, requirements, and precautions were explained, and patients were reassured of the confidentiality of the questionnaire and their data. After the patients’ consent was obtained, they were asked to fill in a questionnaire to ensure objectivity. EpiData 3.1 was used for data entry, and the database was established using the Chinese version of SPSS version 21 (SPSS Inc., IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, United States). General data were depicted using statistics: Count data were expressed using the rate and composition ratio; and measurement data were expressed using the mean ± SD and comparison using a t-test and non-parametric test. Frequency, percentage, and the χ2 square test was used for count data. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
A total of 10 articles that met the requirements were included and analyzed in our study. Nine experts in oncology and its related fields were invited to revise the constructed spiritual care plan for patients with advanced cancer. Finally, a final version of the spiritual health care intervention plan was developed.
The effective sample sizes for the experimental and control groups were 41 and 44 cases, respectively, and the final effective sample size was 85 cases. The age range for the experimental group was 28–83-years-old (50.05 ± 12.44-years-old), and for the control group it was 27–79-years-old (54.88 ± 13.78-years-old). The independent sample t-test results showed that there was no significant difference in age when the two groups were compared (t = 0.059, P = 0.953). The general demographic characteristics of the two groups were count data, such as gender, ethnicity, living conditions, religious beliefs/cultural beliefs, highest education, etc. Pearson’s χ2 test was used for the comparison, and the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The general data of the two groups were comparable (Table 1).
| Characteristics | Control group (n = 41) | Experimental group (n = 44) | χ2 | P value |
| Gender | 0.286 | 0.593 | ||
| Male | 10 (24.4) | 13 (29.5) | ||
| Female | 31 (75.6) | 31 (70.5) | ||
| Ethnicity | 4.027 | 0.259 | ||
| Han | 34 (82.9) | 42 (95.5) | ||
| Manchu | 5 (12.2) | 2 (4.5) | ||
| Hui | 1 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Mongolian | 1 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Marital status | 1.777 | 0.777 | ||
| Single | 2 (4.9) | 3 (6.8) | ||
| Married | 36 (87.8) | 35 (79.5) | ||
| Cohabitation | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.3) | ||
| Divorced | 1 (2.4) | 1 (2.3) | ||
| Widowed | 2 (4.9) | 4 (9.1) | ||
| Religious beliefs | 1.623 | 0.805 | ||
| Nil | 32 (78.0) | 34 (77.3) | ||
| Christian | 2 (4.9) | 4 (9.1) | ||
| Buddhist | 5 (12.2) | 5 (11.4) | ||
| Taoist | 1 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Muslim | 1 (2.4) | 1 (2.3) | ||
| Cultural beliefs | 7.459 | 0.059 | ||
| Nil | 21 (51.2) | 23 (52.3) | ||
| Chinese traditional culture | 13 (31.7) | 5 (11.4) | ||
| Marxist-Leninist, Maoist, Deng, and the "Three Represents" | 7 (17.1) | 15 (34.1) | ||
| Others | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.3) | ||
| Highest education | 3.734 | 0.443 | ||
| Primary school | 9 (22.0) | 6 (13.6) | ||
| Junior high school | 10 (24.4) | 18 (40.9) | ||
| High school | 13 (31.7) | 9 (20.5) | ||
| University | 8 (19.5) | 10 (22.7) | ||
| Postgraduate and above | 1 (2.4) | 1 (2.3) | ||
| Working status | 4.635 | 0.327 | ||
| Retirement | 20 (48.8) | 24 (54.5) | ||
| Unemployed | 10 (24.4) | 4 (9.1) | ||
| Part time | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.3) | ||
| Full time | 3 (7.3) | 3 (6.8) | ||
| On sick leave | 8 (19.5) | 12 (27.3) | ||
| Profession | 3.994 | 0.262 | ||
| Worker | 14 (34.1) | 12 (27.3) | ||
| Farmer | 9 (22.0) | 6 (13.6) | ||
| Staff | 6 (14.6) | 4 (9.1) | ||
| Other | 12 (29.3) | 22 (50.0) | ||
| Monthly household income (in CNY) | –0.4361 | 0.663 | ||
| ≤ 1000 | 10 (24.4) | 10 (22.7) | ||
| 1000–2999 | 17 (41.5) | 15 (34.1) | ||
| 3000–4999 | 8 (19.5) | 13 (29.5) | ||
| 5000–6999 | 1 (2.4) | 4 (9.1) | ||
| ≥ 7000 | 5 (12.2) | 2 (4.5) | ||
| Payment method for medical expenses | 5.857 | 0.320 | ||
| Social medical insurance | 28 (68.3) | 37 (84.1) | ||
| Rural cooperative medical service | 9 (22.0) | 4 (9.1) | ||
| Free medical care | 2 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Commercial medical insurance | 1 (2.4) | 1 (2.3) | ||
| Self-paid medical care | 1 (2.4) | 1 (2.3) | ||
| Others | 1 (2.4) | 1 (2.3) | ||
| Primary caregivers | 7.971 | 0.240 | ||
| Unattended | 1 (2.4) | 4 (9.1) | ||
| Parents | 3 (7.3) | 6 (13.6) | ||
| Child | 11 (26.8) | 11 (25.0) | ||
| Spouse | 24 (58.5) | 16 (36.4) | ||
| Relative | 2 (4.9) | 4 (9.1) | ||
| Nurses/nannies | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.5) | ||
| Others | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.3) |
The differences in the research participants’ clinical data were not statistically significant (P > 0.05), indicating two groups were comparable (Table 2).
| Control group | Experimental group | χ2/Z score | P value | |
| Cancer diagnosis | 4.693 | 0.584 | ||
| Breast cancer | 6 (14.60) | 4 (9.10) | ||
| Lung cancer | 7 (17.10) | 6 (13.60) | ||
| Gastrointestinal cancer | 7 (17.10) | 12 (27.30) | ||
| Nasopharyngeal cancer | 2 (4.90) | 4 (9.10) | ||
| Gynecological cancer | 14 (34.10) | 16 (36.40) | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | 2 (4.90) | 0 (0.00) | ||
| Others | 3 (7.30) | 2 (4.50) | ||
| Metastasis | 0.848 | 0.357 | ||
| Yes | 16 (39.00) | 13 (29.50) | ||
| No | 25 (61.00) | 31 (70.50) | ||
| Clinical manifestation status | –0.0281 | 0.978 | ||
| Grade 0 | 16 (40.00) | 9 (20.50) | ||
| Grade 1 | 7 (17.50) | 23 (52.30) | ||
| Grade 2 | 9 (22.50) | 7 (15.90) | ||
| Grade 3 | 4 (10.00) | 5 (11.40) | ||
| Grade 4 | 4 (10.00) | 0 (0.00) | ||
| Stratification | 5.320 | 0.150 | ||
| Asymptomatic, stable, anti-cancer | 6 (15.40) | 5 (11.40) | ||
| Asymptomatic, stable, not anti-cancer | 2 (5.10) | 1 (2.30) | ||
| Symptomatic, anti-cancer remission | 24 (61.50) | 36 (81.80) | ||
| Symptomatic, symptom control | 7 (17.90) | 2 (4.50) | ||
| Treatment | 16.467 | 0.110 | ||
| Palliative care | 7 (17.10) | 0 (0.00) | ||
| Radiotherapy | 0 (0.00) | 5 (11.40) | ||
| Chemotherapy | 28 (68.30) | 31 (70.50) | ||
| Hormone Therapy | 0 (0.00) | 2 (4.50) | ||
| Chemoradiotherapy | 6 (14.60) | 4 (9.10) | ||
| Others | 0 (0.00) | 2 (4.60) | ||
Before the spiritual care intervention, there was no significant difference in the spiritual health scores between the two groups (P > 0.05). The spiritual health scores of the two groups were comparable (Table 3).
| Dimension | Control group (n = 41) | Experimental group (n = 44) | t/Z score | P value |
| EX | 2.59 ± 0.69 | 2.75 ± 0.74 | 0.986 | 0.324 |
| RS | 2.37 ± 0.59 | 2.24 ± 0.58 | 0.983 | 0.328 |
| RO | 2.86 ± 0.59 | 2.78 ± 0.62 | 0.593 | 0.554 |
| RSG | 2.55 ± 0.32 | 2.57 ± 0.43 | 0.208 | 0.836 |
| Overall spirituality | 2.59 ± 0.69 | 2.75 ± 0.74 | -1.4391 | 0.150 |
After the spiritual care intervention, there were no significant differences in the existence (EX) and relationship with self (RS) scores when the two groups were compared (P > 0.05); thus, spiritual care was not yet considered meaningful to the patients' EXs and RSs. However, the differences in the relationship with others (RO), relationship with something greater (RSG), and overall spiritual health scores were statistically significant (P < 0.05 for all; Table 4).
When the anxiety levels from the two groups before and after the spiritual care intervention were compared, the difference in anxiety levels before the intervention was not statistically significant (P > 0.05), indicating the anxiety levels of the two groups were comparable. After the intervention, the difference in anxiety levels when the groups were compared was statistically significant (P < 0.05; Table 5).
| Control group | Experimental group | Z score | P value | |
| Before intervention | -0.558 | 0.577 | ||
| No anxiety | 22 (53.66) | 25 (56.82) | ||
| Critical anxiety | 10 (24.39) | 13 (29.55) | ||
| Obviously anxious | 9 (21.95) | 6 (13.64) | ||
| After intervention | -7.834 | P < 0.001 | ||
| No anxiety | 25 (60.98) | 42 (95.45) | ||
| Critical anxiety | 8 (19.51) | 2 (4.55) | ||
| Obviously anxious | 8 (19.51) | 0 (0.00) |
The comparison of the two groups’ depression before and after the spiritual care intervention showed that there was no statistically significant difference in depression between the groups before the intervention (P > 0.05), indicating the depression levels of the two groups were comparable. The difference in the levels of depression after the intervention when the groups were compared was statistically significant (P < 0.05; Table 6).
| Control group | Experimental group | Z score | P value | |
| Before intervention | ||||
| No depression | 22 (53.66) | 26 (59.09) | –0.714 | 0.475 |
| Critical depression | 9 (21.95) | 11 (25.00) | ||
| Obvious depression | 10 (24.39) | 6 (13.64) | ||
| After intervention | ||||
| No depression | 35 (85.37) | 43 (97.73) | –2.068 | 0.039a |
| Critical depression | 5 (12.20) | 1 (2.27) | ||
| Obvious depression | 1 (2.44) | 0 (0.00) | ||
| No depression | 22 (53.66) | 26 (59.09) | –0.714 | 0.475 |
The Chinese version of the EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL was used to evaluate the quality of life of the two groups before the intervention. The differences in the results were not statistically significant (P > 0.05), and the data from the two groups were comparable (Table 7).
| Dimension | Control group (n = 41) | Experimental group (n = 44) | Z score | P value |
| Function | ||||
| Physical function | 5.90 ± 2.58 | 5.52 ± 1.72 | –0.040 | 0.968 |
| Emotional function | 4.10 ± 1.79 | 3.80 ± 1.77 | –0.915 | 0.360 |
| Symptom | ||||
| Fatigue | 4.63 ± 1.95 | 4.61 ± 1.77 | –0.018 | 0.986 |
| Nausea and vomiting | 2.05 ± 1.02 | 1.80 ± 0.98 | –1.187 | 0.235 |
| Pain | 3.56 ± 1.63 | 3.55 ± 1.73 | –0.155 | 0.877 |
| Dyspnea | 1.27 ± 0.55 | 1.41 ± 0.69 | –0.895 | 0.371 |
| Insomnia | 1.90 ± 1.09 | 2.02 ± 0.90 | –0.958 | 0.338 |
| Poor appetite | 2.10 ± 0.97 | 1.84 ± 0.94 | –1.306 | 0.191 |
| Constipation | 1.88 ± 0.98 | 1.82 ± 1.02 | –0.450 | 0.653 |
| Overall quality of life | 4.24 ± 1.50 | 4.55 ± 1.50 | -0.822 | 0.411 |
After the spiritual care intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in the quality of life when the patient groups were compared in terms of physical function, pain, dyspnea, insomnia, and constipation (P > 0.05). Thus, spiritual care was not yet considered meaningful with regard to these parameters. The differences between the groups in terms of symptoms such as emotional function, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, and overall quality of life were statistically significant (P < 0.05; Table 8).
| Dimension | Control group (n = 41) | Experimental group (n = 44) | Z score | P value |
| Function | ||||
| Physical function | 5.68 ± 2.61 | 4.70 ± 1.65 | –1.590 | 0.112 |
| Emotional function | 3.73 ± 1.72 | 2.98 ± 1.34 | –2.103 | 0.035a |
| Symptom | ||||
| Fatigue | 4.39 ± 1.64 | 3.41 ± 1.26 | –2.829 | 0.005a |
| Nausea and vomiting | 2.05 ± 1.00 | 1.52 ± 0.73 | –2.521 | 0.012a |
| Pain | 3.56 ± 1.45 | 2.95 ± 1.06 | –1.857 | 0.063 |
| Dyspnea | 1.51 ± 0.67 | 1.36 ± 0.65 | –1.198 | 0.231 |
| Insomnia | 1.83 ± 1.05 | 1.66 ± 0.68 | –0.196 | 0.844 |
| Poor appetite | 2.07 ± 0.93 | 1.66 ± 0.78 | –2.179 | 0.029a |
| Constipation | 1.83 ± 0.89 | 1.50 ± 0.73 | –1.823 | 0.068 |
| Overall quality of life | 4.39 ± 1.36 | 5.36 ± 1.16 | -3.077 | 0.002a |
In this study, the first draft of the spiritual care plan for patients with advanced cancer was formulated through literature analysis. Some items of the plan were deleted, revised, or adjusted through expert meetings. When the experts were selected, their representativeness was fully considered. The literature analysis combined with the expert meeting made the spiritual care plan practical and scientific.
Studies have demonstrated that the general demographic characteristics and clinical data of patients with advanced cancer (such as age, gender, race, tumor type, cancer location, employment status, religious beliefs, etc.) have an impact on their spiritual health[14-16]. The older the patient, the better their spiritual health. This holds particularly true for those older than 60 years, who have been shown to have significantly better spiritual health[9,17]. Women demonstrate better spiritual health than men; however, the aspects of spiritual health (belief, peace, meaning, overall spiritual health) are not balanced. The level of spiritual health also differs among patients with advanced cancer belonging to different races. However, some studies have demonstrated that spiritual health has nothing to do with general characteristics such as age, gender, race, cancer grade, metastasis, medical insurance, marital status, religious beliefs, etc.[18]. The inconsistency of conclusions may be related to different sample size or data collection methods. The general demographic data of the two groups in our study were consistent, except for their living conditions. Consistency was also demonstrated between the two groups in all aspects of the clinical data. Thus, the baseline levels of the two groups were guaranteed before the intervention.
In our study, we found that the provision of spiritual care to patients with advanced cancer could significantly improve their overall spiritual health. The overall spiritual score of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group (4.68 ± 1.36 vs 3.63 ± 1.71), and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.002). This finding was consistent with the results from other studies that found that spiritual care could promote the spiritual health of patients with advanced cancer[19-22]. In our study, after spiritual intervention, there were inconsistencies in the findings regarding the four dimensions of spiritual health when the two groups were compared. The RO and RSG scores for the experimental group were higher than those for the control group (3.07 ± 0.57 vs 2.81 ± 0.58 and 2.65 ± 0.40 vs 2.18 ± 0.42, respectively). The differences between the RO and RSG scores before and after the intervention were statistically significant (P < 0.05). However, the findings regarding the EX and RS scores were not statistically significant. This may have been related to the characteristics of the different dimensions of spiritual health. The purpose of spiritual care is to help patients seek the meaning of life, self-realization, hope and creation, faith and trust, peace and comfort, prayer, love and forgiveness, etc., while suffering from illness and pain[23]. Therefore, as core components of quality oncology, spiritual health and spiritual care both promote and influence each other[24].
In our study, after the spiritual care intervention, the number of advanced cancer patients that did not feel anxious and depressed increased significantly, and the differences in these values were statistically significant (P < 0.001). This was consistent with the results from a study by Chida et al[25], as well as those from other studies, which demonstrated that in advanced cancer patients, effective spiritual care can reduce negative emotions such as anxiety and depression, reduce suicide risk, and improve their mental health[25,26]. The higher the level of spiritual health, the higher the quality of life; thus, the happier the patient is, the less depressed, anxious, and fatigued they feel, and the less pain they experience[18]. Spiritual health is a valuable coping mechanism. It has unique advantages in its ability to protect cancer survivors from depressive symptoms[27]. As a part of overall health, spiritual health plays an important role in coping with disease-related psychological symptoms and influencing medical decisions before death[28]. Spiritual care interventions can quickly, accurately, and reliably identify the spiritual health of patients with advanced cancer and help them understand their own life, feelings, hope, peace, and other mental states. In our study, following the spiritual care intervention, we found that the emotional function score of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group (2.98 ± 1.34 vs 3.73 ± 1.72). This was consistent with the results from the patients’ anxiety and depression investigations that were performed after the spiritual intervention.
In our study, after the spiritual intervention, we found that the overall quality of life score of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group (5.36 ± 1.16 vs 4.39 ± 1.36), and that the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.002). This was consistent with the results from several studies[29-31]. Spiritual health, as a potential or direct influencing factor, can effectively improve the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer. It can also improve the efficacy of palliative care and is an important indicator for evaluating the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer[32]. In terms of fatigue, the fatigue score of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group (3.41 ± 1.26 vs 4.39 ± 1.64), and this difference was statistically significant (P = 0.005). We found that spiritual care can alleviate the fatigue experienced by cancer patients, which was consistent with the results from studies by Rabow et al[18] and Heidari et al[33]. All cancer patients experience fatigue, and higher fatigue scores are observed in patients with stage IV tumors. There is a significant negative correlation between fatigue scores and spiritual health. The more obvious the symptoms of fatigue and the more severe the fatigue that the cancer patient is experiencing, the worse their spiritual health is. Therefore, we propose that fatigue can be used as the primary negative predictor of the spiritual health in patients with advanced cancer[13].
In our study, the effect of spiritual care on pain was not obvious, and the difference between the findings from the two groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.063). However, this finding was inconsistent with the results from other studies[34]. This may have been related to the short duration of the intervention or the different grades of pain. Many studies have confirmed that patients with advanced cancer experience significant problems with pain, and the severity of the pain has a negative correlation with their spiritual health[35]. The more severe the patient’s pain, the worse their spiritual health is. Our study also found that after the spiritual care intervention, the nausea and vomiting and loss of appetite scores for the experimental group were lower than those for the control group (1.52 ± 0.73 vs 2.05 ± 1.00 and 1.66 ± 0.78 vs 2.07 ± 0.93, respectively) and these differences were statistically significant. This may have been due to the patients’ calmness after undergoing spiritual care. Their psychological disposition had an impact on their physiological function, thus reducing their gastrointestinal reaction and increasing their appetite.
Although spiritual care in China began relatively late, many studies have verified that when it was applied to the clinical care of patients with advanced cancer, it could effectively guide clinical nurses or palliative care teams towards providing nursing services to patients with advanced cancer in a systematic, scientific, and targeted manner. We included specific spiritual care content for cancer patients based on psychological cancer care, providing specific help and guidance strategies for the spiritual care of patients with advanced cancer, and complementing psychological care to promote the quality of life of this patient population. We made the palliative care team and its supporters more aware of the spiritual confusion that patients with advanced cancer experience, guided the team to conduct comprehensive patient assessments, implemented spiritual care for the spiritual problems that patients with advanced cancer encountered, and evaluated the effects of this intervention both before and after its implementation. In addition, this intervention can draw the attention of medical staff to the spiritual health of patients with advanced cancer and strengthen their attention to spiritual care. Although it cannot extend the length of the patient’s lifespan, it can allow the patient to complete their last journey of life quietly, peacefully, and without regrets.
The quality of life of patients with advanced cancer is generally low, including psychological, physical, social, family, and other aspects. Spiritual care is thought to improve the quality of life for people with advanced cancer. While developed countries have developed mature care models, there is currently a lack of systematic spiritual care programs for patients with advanced cancer in developing countries. This study referred to the mature spiritual care programs in developed countries, and combined the national conditions of China to construct spiritual care programs suitable for Chinese culture and evaluated its effects.
This study constructed a spiritual care plan suitable for Chinese culture and provided a basis for clinicians to take intervention measures to improve the spiritual health of patients with advanced cancer.
This study aimed to build a spiritual care program for advanced cancer patients suitable for China's national conditions and evaluated its application effect in the Chinese population. Future research could explore the extensibility of this program in different cancer populations.
This research adopted the Delphi method to construct the spiritual care plan and the method to study the randomly assigned experimental group and control group. The experimental group used the spiritual care plan, while the control group used conventional care plan. The two groups of patients' were evaluated for spiritual health score, anxiety score, depression score and quality of life score to evaluate the effect of spiritual care plan.
The results showed that the spiritual-care group had higher overall spiritual health scores, lower prevalence of anxiety and depression, and higher overall quality of life scores than the control group, indicating that the spiritual care plan was an effective solution for Chinese patients with advanced cancer.
The spiritual care program for patients with advanced cancer developed in this study could improve the spiritual health and quality of life of patients with advanced cancer and reduce negative emotions such as anxiety and depression. Spiritual care for patients with advanced cancer is recommended in oncology and hospice units.
Future studies may evaluate the generalizability of the plan in a broader population of cancer patients.
Manuscript source: Unsolicited manuscript
Specialty type: Nursing
Country/Territory of origin: China
Peer-review report’s scientific quality classification
Grade A (Excellent): 0
Grade B (Very good): B, B
Grade C (Good): 0
Grade D (Fair): 0
Grade E (Poor): 0
P-Reviewer: Kay TM, Wittkopf N S-Editor: Wang JL L-Editor: Filipodia P-Editor: Wang LYT
| 1. | Liu Q, Wang GR, Gao SJ. Study on Personalized Treatment in Cancer. Guoji Laonian Yixue Zazhi. 2017;38:37-40. [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 2. | Sankhe A, Dalal K, Agarwal V, Sarve P. Spiritual Care Therapy on Quality of Life in Cancer Patients and Their Caregivers: A Prospective Non-randomized Single-Cohort Study. J Relig Health. 2017;56:725-731. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 29] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 32] [Article Influence: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 3. | Wei D, Liu XY, Chen YY, Zhang M, Xu XH, Cheng QQ. Research progress on spiritual care at home and abroad. Huli Yanjiu. 2018;32:831-834. [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 4. | Vilalta A, Valls J, Porta J, Viñas J. Evaluation of spiritual needs of patients with advanced cancer in a palliative care unit. J Palliat Med. 2014;17:592-600. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 35] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 47] [Article Influence: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 5. | Zamaniyan S, Bolhari J, Naziri G, Akrami M, Hosseini S. Effectiveness of Spiritual Group Therapy on Quality of Life and Spiritual Well-Being among Patients with Breast Cancer. Iran J Med Sci. 2016;41:140-144. [PubMed] [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 6. | Feng JH. Introduction to Enterprise Management. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2006. [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 7. | Vivat B, Young TE, Winstanley J, Arraras JI, Black K, Boyle F, Bredart A, Costantini A, Guo J, Irarrazaval ME, Kobayashi K, Kruizinga R, Navarro M, Omidvari S, Rohde GE, Serpentini S, Spry N, Van Laarhoven HWM, Yang GM; EORTC Quality of Life Group. The international phase 4 validation study of the EORTC QLQ-SWB32: A stand-alone measure of spiritual well-being for people receiving palliative care for cancer. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2017;26. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 14] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 19] [Article Influence: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 8. | Kruizinga R, Scherer-Rath M, Schilderman JBAM, Weterman M, Young T, van Laarhoven HWM. Images of God and attitudes towards death in relation to spiritual wellbeing: an exploratory side study of the EORTC QLQ-SWB32 validation study in palliative cancer patients. BMC Palliat Care. 2017;16:67. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 13] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 10] [Article Influence: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 9. | Sun XH. The Development of the Chinese Version EORTCQLQ—SWB32 Scale and the Spiritual Health Survey of Patients with Advanced Cancer. Shenyang: China Medical University, 2017. [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 10. | Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. cta psychiatr Scand. 1983;67:361-370. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 28548] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 30504] [Article Influence: 744.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 11. | Ye WF, Xu JM. Application and evaluation of general hospital anxiety and depression scale in general hospital patients. Zhonghua Xingwei Yixue Yu Naobingxue Zazhi. 1993;2:17-19. [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 12. | Groenvold M, Petersen MA, Aaronson NK, Arraras JI, Blazeby JM, Bottomley A, Fayers PM, de Graeff A, Hammerlid E, Kaasa S, Sprangers MA, Bjorner JB; EORTC Quality of Life Group. The development of the EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL: a shortened questionnaire for cancer patients in palliative care. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:55-64. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 393] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 453] [Article Influence: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 13. | Luo ZQ, Wang N, Liu JH, Jiao J, Wu JL, Jia LN, Wu MJ, Zhang L. The validation of the standard Chinese version of EoRTC QLQ-C15-PAL in terminal cancer patients. Zhonguo Shiyong Huli Zazhi. 2014;30:20-25. [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 14. | Lewis S, Salins N, Rao MR, Kadam A. Spiritual well-being and its influence on fatigue in patients undergoing active cancer directed treatment: a correlational study. J Cancer Res Ther. 2014;10:676-680. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 11] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 15. | Munoz AR, Salsman JM, Stein KD, Cella D. Reference values of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being: a report from the American Cancer Society's studies of cancer survivors. Cancer. 2015;121:1838-1844. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 53] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 67] [Article Influence: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 16. | Lazenby M, Khatib J. Associations among patient characteristics, health-related quality of life, and spiritual well-being among Arab Muslim cancer patients. J Palliat Med. 2012;15:1321-1324. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 25] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 26] [Article Influence: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 17. | Wang L, Liao L, Chen YY, Liu XY, Luo M, Zhou YJ. Assessment and research progress of spiritual health in cancer patients. Zhonguo Huli Guanli. 2017;17:1677-1681. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 18. | Rabow MW, Knish SJ. Spiritual well-being among outpatients with cancer receiving concurrent oncologic and palliative care. Support Care Cancer. 2015;23:919-923. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 36] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 33] [Article Influence: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 19. | Wang RZ. Research on group work involved in the spiritual care of breast cancer patients. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University, 2018. [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 20. | Robb SL, Burns DS, Stegenga KA, Haut PR, Monahan PO, Meza J, Stump TE, Cherven BO, Docherty SL, Hendricks-Ferguson VL, Kintner EK, Haight AE, Wall DA, Haase JE. Randomized clinical trial of therapeutic music video intervention for resilience outcomes in adolescents/young adults undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Cancer. 2014;120:909-917. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 102] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 113] [Article Influence: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 21. | Mao JJ, Cronholm PF, Stein E, Straton JB, Palmer SC, Barg FK. Positive changes, increased spiritual importance, and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among cancer survivors. Integr Cancer Ther. 2010;9:339-347. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 13] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 14] [Article Influence: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 22. | Breitbart W, Poppito S, Rosenfeld B, Vickers AJ, Li Y, Abbey J, Olden M, Pessin H, Lichtenthal W, Sjoberg D, Cassileth BR. Pilot randomized controlled trial of individual meaning-centered psychotherapy for patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:1304-1309. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 255] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 255] [Article Influence: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 23. | Cobb M, Dowrick C, Lloyd-Williams M. What can we learn about the spiritual needs of palliative care patients from the research literature? J Pain Symptom Manage. 2012;43:1105-1119. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 51] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 40] [Article Influence: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 24. | Sun V, Kim JY, Irish TL, Borneman T, Sidhu RK, Klein L, Ferrell B. Palliative care and spiritual well-being in lung cancer patients and family caregivers. Psychooncology. 2016;25:1448-1455. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 52] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 58] [Article Influence: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 25. | Chida Y, Schrempft S, Steptoe A. A Novel Religious/Spiritual Group Psychotherapy Reduces Depressive Symptoms in a Randomized Clinical Trial. J Relig Health. 2016;55:1495-1506. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 4] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 2] [Article Influence: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 26. | Wang YC, Lin CC. Spiritual Well-being May Reduce the Negative Impacts of Cancer Symptoms on the Quality of Life and the Desire for Hastened Death in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients. Cancer Nurs. 2016;39:E43-E50. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 31] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 34] [Article Influence: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 27. | Gonzalez P, Castañeda SF, Dale J, Medeiros EA, Buelna C, Nuñez A, Espinoza R, Talavera GA. Spiritual well-being and depressive symptoms among cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer. 2014;22:2393-2400. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 39] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 50] [Article Influence: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 28. | Delgado-Guay MO. Spirituality and religiosity in supportive and palliative care. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2014;8:308-313. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 43] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 51] [Article Influence: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 29. | Bai M, Lazenby M. A systematic review of associations between spiritual well-being and quality of life at the scale and factor levels in studies among patients with cancer. J Palliat Med. 2015;18:286-298. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 120] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 108] [Article Influence: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 30. | Mohebbifar R, Pakpour AH, Nahvijou A, Sadeghi A. Relationship between Spiritual Health and Quality of Life in Patients with Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16:7321-7326. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 9] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 13] [Article Influence: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 31. | Jafari N, Farajzadegan Z, Zamani A, Bahrami F, Emami H, Loghmani A. Spiritual well-being and quality of life in Iranian women with breast cancer undergoing radiation therapy. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21:1219-1225. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 44] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 44] [Article Influence: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 32. | Bai M, Lazenby M, Jeon S, Dixon J, McCorkle R. Exploring the relationship between spiritual well-being and quality of life among patients newly diagnosed with advanced cancer. Palliat Support Care. 2015;13:927-935. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 30] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 35] [Article Influence: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 33. | Heidari J, Jafari H, Janbabaei G. Life Quality Related to Spiritual Health and Factors Affecting It in Patients Afflicted by Digestive System Metastatic Cancer. Mater Sociomed. 2015;27:310-313. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 4] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 6] [Article Influence: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 34. | Moreira-Almeida A, Koenig HG. Religiousness and spirituality in fibromyalgia and chronic pain patients. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2008;12:327-332. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 37] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 40] [Article Influence: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 35. | Bovero A, Leombruni P, Miniotti M, Rocca G, Torta R. Spirituality, quality of life, psychological adjustment in terminal cancer patients in hospice. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2016;25:961-969. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 66] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 121] [Article Influence: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |