Effects of phototherapy plus agomelatine on efficacy, negative emotions, and neurotransmitter levels in elderly patients with depressive disorders

Figure 1 The patient screening process.

Figure 2 Comparative analysis of negative emotions. A: Hamilton Anxiety Scale scores before and after treatment in the two groups; B: Hamilton Depression Scale scores before and after treatment in the two groups. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs before treatment; ^cP < 0.05 vs the control group. HAMA: Hamilton Anxiety Scale scores; HAMD: Hamilton Depression Scale scores.

Figure 3 Comparative analysis of sleep quality. A: Subjective sleep quality before and after treatment in the two groups; B: Sleep latency before and after treatment in the two groups; C: Sleep duration before and after treatment in the two groups; D: Habitual sleep efficiency before and after treatment in the two groups; E: Sleep disturbances before and after treatment in the two groups; F: Use of sleeping medications before and after treatment in the two groups; G: Daytime dysfunction before and after treatment in the two groups; H: Total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores before and after treatment in the two groups. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs before treatment; ^cP < 0.05 vs the control group. PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Figure 4  Comparative analysis of neurotransmitter levels. A: Dopamine before and after treatment in the two groups; B: Norepinephrine before and after treatment in the two groups; C: Serotonin before and after treatment in the two groups. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs before treatment; ^cP < 0.05 vs the control group. DA: Dopamine; NE: Norepinephrine; 5-HT: Serotonin.

Figure 5 Comparative analysis of oxidative stress. A: Serum superoxide dismutase before and after treatment in the two groups; B: Malondialdehyde before and after treatment in the two groups. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs before treatment; ^cP < 0.05 vs the control group. SOD: Serum superoxide dismutase; MDA: Malondialdehyde.