Clinical nursing pathways and psychological care in early liver cancer surgery patients: Effects on anxiety, depression, and pain

Figure 1 Psychological status comparison. A: Pre- and post-interventional anxiety assessment; B: Pre- and post-interventional depression evaluation. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs pre-intervention; ^cP < 0.05 vs control group. GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.

Figure 2 Comparative analysis of psychological resilience. A: Tenacity dimension scores between groups; B: Strength dimension score comparison; C: Optimism dimension scores evaluation. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs control group.

Figure 3 Comparative pain evaluation. A: Numeric Rating Scale scores pre- and post-intervention; B: Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire results pre- and post-treatment. ^aP < 0.05 and ^bP < 0.01 vs before nursing; ^cP < 0.05 vs control. NRS: Numeric Rating Scale; SF-MPQ-2: Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire.