Debating the link between atrial fibrillation and psychiatric diseases through Ca2+/cAMP signaling

Figure 1 Ca²⁺/cAMP signaling dysregulations and their consequences. Up arrow: Increasing; Down arrow: Decreasing.

Figure 2 Increasing Ca²⁺ levels through an inflammatory stimulus inhibits adenylyl cyclase and consequently reduces cAMP levels, leading to hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, atrial fibrillation and mental disorders. cAMP: 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate; AC: Adenylyl cyclase; PDE: Phosphodiesterase. Up arrow: Increasing; Down arrow: Decreasing.