Maternal factors contributing to variability in gut microbiota and gastrointestinal function in autism spectrum disorders

Figure 1 Influence of different conditions on the maternal gut microbiota during pregnancy. A: Effect on the mother’s gut microbiota during normal pregnancy; B: Effect on the mother’s intestinal flora under adverse conditions.

Figure 2 Mechanism by which the maternal microbiome influences offspring development. The maternal microbiome can affect the development of the offspring’s immune and nervous systems through vertical and placental transmission.

Figure 3 The intestinal microbiota is affected by adverse factors experienced by the mother during pregnancy. Abnormal gut microbiota can affect the neurodevelopment of the offspring in different ways, leading to autism spectrum disorder.