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World J Psychiatry. Oct 19, 2025; 15(10): 107936
Published online Oct 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i10.107936
Figure 1
Figure 1 The glymphatic system in healthy individuals and alcohol use disorder patients. AQP4: Aquaporin 4; AUD: Alcohol use disorder; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; HIF-1α: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; ISF: Interstitial fluid; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor protein 1.
Figure 2
Figure 2 Pathogenic mechanism and confounding factor in alcohol-induced glymphatic dysfunction. AQP4: Aquaporin 4.