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World J Psychiatry. Sep 19, 2026; 16(9): 119455
Published online Sep 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.119455
Published online Sep 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.119455
Efficacy of a machine learning model integrating clinical-psychosocial factors in predicting posttraumatic bone nonunion and bone defects
Fei-Fan Luan, Jia-Yi Chen, Yu-Zhong Zheng, Min-Hua Hu, Chen-Xiao Zheng, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Tenth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528400, Guangdong Province, China
Fei-Fan Luan, Feng Huang, The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, China
Co-corresponding authors: Feng Huang and Chen-Xiao Zheng.
Author contributions: Luan FF designed the research and wrote the first manuscript; Luan FF, Chen JY, and Zheng YZ contributed to conceiving the research and analyzing data; Luan FF and Hu MH conducted the analysis; Huang F and Zheng CX provided guidance for the research; they contributed equally to this manuscript and are co-corresponding authors; all authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
AI contribution statement: The authors declare that no AI tools were used in the development or writing of this manuscript and take full responsibility for its integrity, accuracy, and originality.
Institutional review board statement: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 2026ZSZY-LL-KY-033.
Informed consent statement: The requirement for patients’ informed consent for this study was waived due to its retrospective nature.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
Corresponding author: Chen-Xiao Zheng, PhD, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Tenth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 3 Kangxin Road, West District, Zhongshan 528400, Guangdong Province, China.
Received: April 17, 2026
Revised: May 22, 2026
Accepted: June 15, 2026
Published online: September 19, 2026
Processing time: 128 Days and 20.8 Hours
Revised: May 22, 2026
Accepted: June 15, 2026
Published online: September 19, 2026
Processing time: 128 Days and 20.8 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: In summary, the integrated model developed in this study demonstrates favorable discriminative ability (operating characteristic curve = 0.888 in external validation) and potential clinical utility for nonunion risk prediction, although further validation is needed. Importantly, our findings highlight the significant contribution of psychosocial factors - particularly anxiety, depression, and social support - to bone healing. These results provide strong evidence for promoting the deep integration of the “bio‑psycho‑social” medical model into routine orthopedic clinical practice, thereby facilitating more individualized and holistic patient management.