Electroconvulsive therapy alters serum cytokine levels and correlates with symptom improvement in patients with acute schizophrenia
Li Xu, Xiao-Bin Zhang, Ling-Shu Luan, Man Yang, Jing Zhang, Hai-Dong Yang, Xiao-Wei Tang
Li Xu, Ling-Shu Luan, Man Yang, Jing Zhang, Hai-Dong Yang, Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang 222003, Jiangsu Province, China
Xiao-Bin Zhang, Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215137, Jiangsu Province, China
Xiao-Wei Tang, Department of Psychiatry, Yangzhou Wutaishan Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225003, Jiangsu Province, China
Co-first authors: Li Xu and Xiao-Bin Zhang.
Co-corresponding authors: Hai-Dong Yang and Xiao-Wei Tang.
Author contributions: Xu L and Zhang XB were responsible for writing the manuscript and study design as co-first authors; Xu L and Yang HD wrote the manuscript; Zhang XB and Yang HD performed the statistical analysis; Zhang XB, Yang HD, and Tang XW were responsible for study design; Luan LS, Yang M, and Zhang J were responsible for performing the clinical rating, recruiting the patients, and collecting the samples; Yang HD and Tang XW have played important and indispensable roles in manuscript preparation as the co-corresponding authors; all authors have contributed to and have approved the final manuscript.
Supported by Suzhou Clinical Medical Center for Mood Disorders, No. Szlcyxzx202109; Suzhou Key Laboratory, No. SZS2024016; Suzhou Multicenter Clinical Research Project on Major Diseases, No. DZXYJ202413; Guidance Project of Jiangsu Provincial Health Commission, No. Z2023074; and Yangzhou Basic Research Program (Joint Special Project) Health Project, No. 2024-2-19.
Institutional review board statement: The study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Fourth People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, No. 2021 LSYYXLL-P03.
Informed consent statement: All participants provided informed consent.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that they have no conflicts with any financial interests.
STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement – checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement – checklist of items.
Data sharing statement:
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Corresponding author: Xiao-Wei Tang, MD, PhD, Chief Physician, Department of Psychiatry, Yangzhou Wutaishan Hospital of Jiangsu Province, No. 2 Wutaishan Road, Yangzhou 225003, Jiangsu Province, China.
15062790442@163.com
Received: October 14, 2025
Revised: November 9, 2025
Accepted: December 12, 2025
Published online: March 19, 2026
Processing time: 141 Days and 1.9 Hours
