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World J Psychiatry. Mar 19, 2026; 16(3): 112022
Published online Mar 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v16.i3.112022
Published online Mar 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v16.i3.112022
Forever chemicals and mental health: A systematic review of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances-related psychiatric outcomes and mechanistic insights
Yi-Lin Jiang, Narina A Samah, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
Zhan-Shuo Xiao, Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
Co-corresponding authors: Yi-Lin Jiang and Narina A Samah.
Author contributions: Jiang YL wrote the original draft; Samah NA contributed to conceptualization, writing, reviewing, and editing; Jiang YL, Samah NA, and Xiao ZS participated in drafting the manuscript; Jiang YL and Samah NA contributed equally to this article, they are the co-corresponding authors of this manuscript; and all authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
PRISMA 2009 Checklist statement: The authors have read the PRISMA 2009 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the PRISMA 2009 Checklist.
Corresponding author: Yi-Lin Jiang, PhD, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
Received: July 16, 2025
Revised: July 27, 2025
Accepted: November 12, 2025
Published online: March 19, 2026
Processing time: 227 Days and 0.8 Hours
Revised: July 27, 2025
Accepted: November 12, 2025
Published online: March 19, 2026
Processing time: 227 Days and 0.8 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: This article synthesizes recent evidence linking per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure to psychiatric disorders. It highlights the growing rele