Indocyanine green doped with chitosan nanoparticles based antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in periodontitis patients: A randomized clinical trial

Table 1 Comparison of plaque scores at different time intervals

	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP						Conventional SRP
	Number	Mean	SD	F	P value		Number	Mean	SD	F	P value
Baseline	30	2.22	0.64	186.9	0.0011	Baseline	30	2.2	0.52	327.82	0.0011
1 month	30	0.32	0.04			1 month	30	0.32	0.04
3 months	30	0.82	0.4			3 months	30	0.59	0.05

¹Statistically significant using repeated measures ANOVA.

CNPs-ICG: Indocyanine green-doped chitosan nanoparticles; aPDT: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; SRP: Scaling and root planning.

Table 2 Pairwise comparison of plaque scores within the groups

	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP					Conventional SRP
	Mean	SD	MD	P value		Mean	SD	MD	P value
Baseline	2.22	0.64	1.907	0.0011	Baseline	2.2	0.52	1.883	0.0011
1 month	0.32	0.04			1 month	0.32	0.04
1 month	0.32	0.04	-0.499	0.0011	1 month	0.32	0.04	-2.69	0.0011
3 months	0.82	0.4			3 months	0.59	0.05
3 months	0.82	0.4	-1.408	0.0011	3 months	0.59	0.05	-1.614	0.0011
Baseline	2.22	0.64			Baseline	2.22	0.52

¹Statistically significant adjusted with Bonferroni correction.

MD: Mean difference; CNPs-ICG: Indocyanine green-doped chitosan nanoparticles; aPDT: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; SRP: Scaling and root planning.

Table 3 Comparison of modified sulcus bleeding scores at different time intervals

	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP						Conventional SRP
	Number	Mean	SD	F	P value		Number	Mean	SD	F	P value
Baseline	30	2.04	0.44	219.12	0.0011	Baseline	30	1.98	0.53	131.17	0.0011
1 month	30	0.48	0.36			1 month	30	0.54	0.42
3 months	30	1.1	0.2			3 months	30	1.15	0.27

¹Statistically significant using repeated measures ANOVA.

CNPs-ICG: Indocyanine green-doped chitosan nanoparticles; aPDT: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; SRP: Scaling and root planning.

Table 4 Pairwise comparison within the groups

	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP					Conventional SRP
	Mean	SD	MD	P value		Mean	SD	MD	P value
Baseline	2.04	0.44	1.56	0.0011	Baseline	1.98	0.53	1.435	0.0011
1 month	0.48	0.36			1 month	0.54	0.42
1 month	0.48	0.36	-0.632	0.0011	1 month	0.54	0.42	-0.607	0.0011
3 months	1.1	0.2			3 months	1.15	0.27
3 months	1.1	0.2	-0.943	0.0011	3 months	1.15	0.27	-0.828	0.0011
Baseline	2.04	0.44			Baseline	1.98	0.53

¹Statistically significant adjusted with Bonferroni correction.

MD: Mean difference; CNPs-ICG: Indocyanine green-doped chitosan nanoparticles; aPDT: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; SRP: Scaling and root planning.

Table 5 Comparison of probing pocket depth at different time intervals

	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP						Conventional SRP
	Number	Mean	SD	F	P value		Number	Mean	SD	F	P value
Baseline	30	7	1.08	365.53	0.0011	Baseline	30	6.7	1.104	198.11	0.0011
1 month	30	3.26	0.52			1 month	30	3.73	0.63
3 months	30	3.13	0.62			3 months	30	3.76	0.77

¹Statistically significant using repeated measures ANOVA.

MD: Mean difference; CNPs-ICG: Indocyanine green-doped chitosan nanoparticles; aPDT: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; SRP: Scaling and root planning.

Table 6 Pairwise comparison within the groups

	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP					Conventional SRP
	Mean	SD	MD	P value		Mean	SD	MD	P value
Baseline	7	1.08	3.733	0.0011	Baseline	6.7	1.104	3.03	0.0011
1 month	3.26	0.52			1 month	3.73	0.63
1 month	3.26	0.52	0.133	0.87	1 month	3.73	0.63	-0.033	0.99
3 months	3.13	0.62		NS	3 months	3.76	0.77
3 months	3.13	0.62	-3.86	0.0011	3 months	3.76	0.77	-3	0.0011
Baseline	7	1.08			Baseline	6.7	1.104

¹Statistically significant adjusted with Bonferroni correction.

MD: Mean difference; CNPs-ICG: Indocyanine green-doped chitosan nanoparticles; aPDT: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; SRP: Scaling and root planning; NS: Not significant.

Table 7 Comparison of Mean relative clinical attachment level at different time interval in both groups

	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP						Conventional SRP
	Number	Mean	SD	F	P value		Number	Mean	SD	F	P value
Baseline	30	12	1.01	445.7	0.0011	Baseline	30	12.23	1.16	629.3	0.0011
1 month	30	8.26	0.52			1 month	30	8.7	0.98
3 months	30	8.4	0.62			3 months	30	8.9	0.99

¹Statistically significant using repeated measures ANOVA.

CNPs-ICG: Indocyanine green-doped chitosan nanoparticles; aPDT: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; SRP: Scaling and root planning.

Table 8 Pairwise comparison within the groups

	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP					Conventional SRP
	Mean	SD	MD	P value		Mean	SD	MD	P value
Baseline	12	1.01	3.73	0.0011	Baseline	12.2	1.16	3.5	0.0011
1 month	8.26	0.52			1 month	8.7	0.98
1 month	8.26	0.52	-0.133	0.31	1 month	8.7	0.98	-0.167	0.068
3 months	8.4	0.62		NS	3 months	8.9	0.99		NS
3 months	8.4	0.62	-3.6	0.0011	3 months	8.9	0.99	-3.33	0.0011
Baseline	12	1.01			Baseline	12.2	1.16

¹Statistically significant adjusted with Bonferroni correction.

MD: Mean difference; CNPs-ICG: Indocyanine green-doped chitosan nanoparticles; aPDT: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; SRP: Scaling and root planning; NS: Not significant.

Table 9 Distribution of BANA scores at different time interval in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with indocyanine green-doped chitosan nanoparticles group, n (%)

	Negative	Weak positive	Positive	Total	P value
Baseline	3 (10)	10 (33.3)	17 (56.7)	30 (100)	0.0011
Right after therapy	17 (56.7)	13 (43.3)	0	30 (100)
1 month	24 (80)	6 (20)	0	30 (100)
3 months	24 (80)	6 (20)	0	30 (100)
Total	68 (56.7)	35 (29.2)	17 (14.2)	120 (100)

¹Statistically significant using χ² test.

Table 10 Distribution of BANA scores at different time interval in conventional scaling and root planning group, n (%)

	Negative	Weak positive	Positive	Total	P value
Baseline	2 (6.7)	11 (36.7)	17 (56.7)	30 (100)	0.07
Right after therapy	5 (16.7)	19 (63.3)	6 (20)	30 (100)	NS
1 month	2 (6.7)	13 (43.3)	15 (50)	30 (100)
3 months	2 (6.7)	11 (36.7)	17 (56.7)	30 (100)
Total	11 (9.2)	54 (45)	55 (45.8)	120 (100)

Statistically significant using χ² test. NS: Not significant.

Table 11 Comparison of Mean plaque scores between the groups at different time intervals

Plaque index		Number	Mean	SD	t	P value
Baseline	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP	30	2.22	0.64	0.159	0.84
	Conventional SRP	30	2.2	0.52		NS
1 month	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP	30	0.32	0.04	0	0.99
	Conventional SRP	30	0.32	0.04		NS
3 months	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP	30	0.82	0.4	3.07	0.0051
	Conventional SRP	30	0.59	0.05

¹Statistically significant using paired t-test.

CNPs-ICG: Indocyanine green-doped chitosan nanoparticles; aPDT: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; SRP: Scaling and root planning; NS: Not significant.

Table 12 Comparison of mean modified sulcus bleeding scores between the groups at different time intervals

Modified sulcus bleeding index		Number	Mean	SD	t	P value
Baseline	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP	30	2.04	0.44	0.52	0.6
	Conventional SRP	30	1.98	0.53		NS
1 month	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP	30	0.48	0.36	-0.63	0.52
	Conventional SRP	30	0.54	0.42		NS
3 months	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP	30	1.104	0.2	-0.787	0.43
	Conventional SRP	30	1.15	0.27		NS

Statistically significant using paired t-test. CNPs-ICG: Indocyanine green-doped chitosan nanoparticles; aPDT: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; SRP: Scaling and root planning; NS: Not significant.

Table 13 Comparison of mean probing pocket depth between the groups at different time intervals

	Probing pocket depth	Number	Mean	SD	t	P value
Baseline	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP	30	7	1.08	0.826	0.41
	Conventional SRP	30	6.76	1.1		NS
1 month	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP	30	3.26	0.52	-3.09	0.0031
	Conventional SRP	30	3.73	0.63
3 months	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP	30	3.13	0.62	-3.49	0.0011
	Conventional SRP	30	3.77	0.77

¹Statistically significant using paired t-test.

CNPs-ICG: Indocyanine green-doped chitosan nanoparticles; aPDT: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; SRP: Scaling and root planning; NS: Not significant.

Table 14 Comparison of Mean relative clinical attachment level between the groups at different time intervals

	Relative clinical attachment level	Number	Mean	SD	t	P value
Baseline	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP	30	12	1.017	-0.826	0.41
	Conventional SRP	30	12.23	1.16		NS
1 month	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP	30	8.26	0.52	-2.3	0.0261
	Conventional SRP	30	8.7	0.98
3 months	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP	30	8.4	0.62	-2.33	0.0231
	Conventional SRP	30	8.9	0.99

¹Statistically significant using paired t-test.

CNPs-ICG: Indocyanine green-doped chitosan nanoparticles; aPDT: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; SRP: Scaling and root planning; NS: Not significant.

Table 15 Comparison of BANA test scores at baseline between the groups, n (%)

Baseline	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP	Conventional SRP	Total	P value
Negative	3 (10)	2 (6.7)	5 (8.3)	0.88
Weak positive	10 (33.3)	11 (36.7)	21 (35)	NS
Positive	17 (56.7)	17 (56.7)	34 (56.7)
Total	30 (100)	30 (100)	60 (100)

Statistically significant using χ² test. CNPs-ICG: Indocyanine green-doped chitosan nanoparticles; aPDT: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; SRP: Scaling and root planning; NS: Not significant.

Table 16 Comparison of BANA test scores at right after therapy between the groups, n (%)

Right after therapy	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP	Conventional SRP	Total	P value
Negative	17 (56.7)	5 (16.7)	22 (36.7)	0.0011
Weak positive	13 (43.3)	19 (63.3)	32 (53.3)
Positive	0	6 (20)	6 (10)
Total	30 (100)	30 (100)	60 (100)

¹Statistically significant using χ² test.

CNPs-ICG: Indocyanine green-doped chitosan nanoparticles; aPDT: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; SRP: Scaling and root planning.

Table 17 Comparison of BANA test scores after 1 month between the groups, n (%)

After 1 month	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP	Conventional SRP	Total	P value
Negative	24 (80)	2 (6.7)	26 (43.3)	0.0011
Weak positive	6 (20)	13 (43.3)	19 (31.7)
Positive	0	15 (50)	15 (25)
Total	30 (100)	30 (100)	60 (100)

¹Statistically significant using χ² test.

CNPs-ICG: Indocyanine green-doped chitosan nanoparticles; aPDT: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; SRP: Scaling and root planning.

Table 18 Comparison of BANA test scores after 3 months between the groups, n (%)

After 3 month	aPDT with CNPs-ICG + SRP	Conventional SRP	Total	P value
Negative	24 (80)	2 (6.7)	26 (43.3)	0.0011
Weak positive	6 (20)	11 (36.7)	17 (28.3)
Positive	0	17 (56.7)	17 (28.3)
Total	30 (100)	30 (100)	60 (100)

¹Statistically significant using χ² test.

CNPs-ICG: Indocyanine green-doped chitosan nanoparticles; aPDT: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; SRP: Scaling and root planning.