Ferula assafoetida induced colon cancer cells differentiation through JNK/MAPK signalling pathway activation

Table 1 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Ferula assafoetida

Peak	Start	RT	End	Height	Area	Area sum%
1	6.298	6.364	6.496	22498772.44	88089253.38	1.48
2	6.569	6.63	6.764	33712112.64	135582595.7	2.28
3	10.751	10.796	10.881	229575459.3	433407688.4	7.29
4	11.367	11.413	11.451	54389802.06	99747389.2	1.68
5	11.524	11.559	11.655	63690724.73	136167153.2	2.29
6	13.97	14.017	14.115	39755587.56	86992339.55	1.46
7	15.559	15.599	15.677	76754848.19	182782284.7	3.07
8	17.313	17.357	17.395	32499207.81	73471573.95	1.23
9	17.608	17.649	17.696	55787146.11	134806328.9	2.27
10	18.423	18.475	18.55	19150006.19	59501652.43	1
11	19.476	19.534	19.605	38150321.87	95613565.05	1.61
12	19.777	19.838	19.891	102881932.4	251143438.2	4.22
13	19.964	20.023	20.058	16820686.47	54989078.49	0.92
14	20.058	20.096	20.194	62933211.08	180144133.6	3.03
15	20.197	20.256	20.312	83412539.12	210483780.7	3.54
16	20.315	20.397	20.498	137156094	454085546.1	7.63
17	21.214	21.271	21.374	42629280.75	126638986.7	2.13
18	24.825	24.905	25.005	37562228.59	160270758.8	2.69
19	25.523	25.584	25.741	42875903.91	189247260.7	3.18
20	25.905	26.002	26.134	13007043.94	91607631.95	1.54
21	28.119	28.224	28.367	18108916.43	146045394.8	2.45
22	28.469	28.541	28.678	127694373.1	443921740.5	7.46
23	28.771	28.844	28.908	12715424.96	59626235.19	1
24	32.864	32.932	33.033	16868028.31	62024054.58	1.04
25	33.172	33.244	33.3	51539173.28	138273823	2.32
26	35.18	37.259	37.322	39808341.25	1854547578	31.17

Table 2 Cell cycle analysis of Caco cells treated with Ferula assafoetida against sodium butyrate

Variable	Untreated cells	Sodium butyrate	F. assafoetida	P value	F1
Count of nuclei	1246 ± 2	2117.3 ± 2.08	1442.7 ± 2.08	P < 0.001	148390.4
Sub-G1 phase < 2n (%)	0.78 ± 0.03a	54.6 ± 0.10	53.85 ± 0.03	P < 0.001	106456.5
G0/G1 (%)	67.41 ± 0.02a	25.6 ± 0.01b	29.27 ± 0.03	P < 0.001	4138051.9
S (%)	30.73 ± 0.11a	10.65 ± 0.01b	12.76 ± 0.05	P < 0.001	135812.9
G2/M (%)	0.79 ± 0.01a	8.7 ± 0.01a	2.9 ± 0.04	P < 0.001	14260.9
> 4n (polyploid cells %)	0.24 ± 0.01a	0.17 ± 0.20a	1.17 ± 0.03	P < 0.001	69.3

¹All experiments were performed in triplicate, degree of freedom (df) between groups = 2, df within groups = 6.

^aP < 0.001 untreated cells compared to the other groups, or cells treated with sodium butyrate compared to those treated with Ferula assafoetida (F. assafoetida).

^bP < 0.01 cells treated with sodium butyrate compared to those treated with F. assafoetida. Ferula assafoetida: F. assafoetida.