Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Crit Care Med. Sep 9, 2024; 13(3): 96882
Published online Sep 9, 2024. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v13.i3.96882
Table 1 Characteristic frequency among the study population
Parameter
Total population, n = 260
Nonhypertensive, n = 60
ACEI/ARB, n = 62
Calcium channel blockers, n = 64
ACEI/ARB + CCB, n = 60
Beta-blockers, n = 14
P value
Mean age in years (SD)55.84 (15.8)3 9.53 (14.7)161.3 (11.9)60.3 (12.6)59.83 (13.7)64 (9.6)< 0.001
Male192 (73.8)35 (58.3)53 (85.5)44 (68.8)48 (85.7)12 (85.7)0.005
Female68 (26.2)25 (41.7)9 (14.5)20 (31.2)12 (14.3)2 (14.3)
Duration of antihypertension in years (IQR)--2-72-62-82-11.250.080
Diabetes105 (40.4)3 (5)41 (66.1)223 (35.9)32 (53.3)6 (42.9)< 0.001
Hypothyroidism10 (3.8)1 (1.7)4 (6.5)3 (4.7)1 (1.7)1 (7.1)0.523
Ischemic heart disease29 (11.2)1 (1.7)6 (9.7)7 (10.9)11 (18.3)4 (28.6)40.011
Smoking7 (2.7)3 (5)1 (1.6)-3 (5)-0.301
Mean duration of stay in days (SD)8.9 (4.5)10.28 (5.4)8.2 (4.2)8.5 (3.4)8.6 (4.7)8.57 (4.7)0.113
Symptoms
Fever137 (52.7)18 (30)38 (61.3)33 (51.6)40 (66.7)38 (57.1)0.001
Cough126 (48.5)20 (33.3)33 (53.2)29 (45.3)35 (58.3)9 (64.3)40.039
Respiratory distress81 (31.2)4 (6.7)26 (41.9)22 (34.4)23 (38.3)6 (42.9)4< 0.001
Myalgia7 (2.7)4 (6.7)-1 (1.6)2 (3.3)-0.190
Sore throat9 (3.5)8 (13.3)11 (1.6)---< 0.001
Diarrhea3 (1.2)--1 (1.6)1 (1.7)1 (7.1)0.195
Table 2 Complication, severity, and outcome frequency among the study population
Parameter
Total population, n = 260
Nonhypertensive, n = 60
ACEI/ARB, n = 62
Calcium channel blockers, n = 64
ACEI/ARB + CCB, n = 60
Beta-blockers, n = 14
P value
Pneumonia8 (3.1)-3 (4.8)4 (6.2)1 (1.7)-0.235
ARDS30 (11.5)-9 (14.5)11 (17.2)18 (13.3)2 (14.3)0.031
MODS4 (1.5)-1 (1.6)2 (3.1)1 (1.7)-0.694
AKI13 (5)1 (1.7)1 (1.6)6 (9.4)3 (5)2 (14.3)0.091
Renal failure12 (4.6)-1 (1.6)5 (7.8)5 (8.3)1 (7.1)0.101
MoHFW severity
Asymptomatic44 (16.9)16 (26.7)6 (9.7)12 (18.8)8 (13.3)2 (14.3)0.003
Mild104 (40)33 (55)23 (37.1)23 (35.9)17 (28.3)8 (57.1)
Moderate33 (12.7)5 (8.3)11 (17.7)6 (9.4)9 (15)2 (14.3)
Severe79 (30.4)6 (10)22 (35.5)23 (35.9)26 (43.3)22 (14.3)
WHO grade
Asymptomatic44 (16.9)16 (26.7)6 (9.7)12 (18.8)8 (13.3)2 (14.3)0.006
Mild104 (40)33 (55)23 (37.1)23 (35.9)17 (28.3)8 (57.1)
Moderate33 (12.7)5 (8.3)11 (17.7)6 (9.4)9 (15)2 (14.3)
Severe41 (15.8)5 (8.3)12 (19.4)9 (14.1)15 (25)-
Critical38 (14.6)1 (1.7)10 (16.1)14 (21.9)111 (18.3)2 (14.3)
ICU intervention46 (17.7)1 (1.7)13 (21)18 (28.1)112 (20)2 (14.3)0.003
Death24 (9.2)-4 (6.5)12 (18.8)17 (11.7)1 (7.1)0.007
Table 3 Laboratory parameters at admission
Parameter
Total population, n = 260
Nonhypertensive, n = 60
ACEI/ARB, n = 62
Calcium channel blockers, n = 64
ACEI/ARB + CCB, n = 60
Beta-blockers, n = 14
P value
Hemoglobin in gm/dL12.95 (2.0)13.47 (5.4)12.94 (1.9)12.45 (2.1)12.9 (1.7)13.36 (2.6)0.077
Total leukocyte count as /cu mm7683.8 (3991.9)6993.83 (3576.08)7755.32 (3712.07)8126.41 (4186.3)7739.33 (4604.2)8062.86 (3205.9)0.606
Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (IQR)1-61-32-6.251.25-62-9.51-15.255< 0.001
Platelets as /cu mm237765.38 (90546.23)235183.33 (78058.10)249467.74 (98418.26)233046.88 (96977.24)239116.67 (88116.08)212785.71 (89160.33)0.677
ESR in mm/h (IQR)9-387-28.58-38.510.5-39.512.5-48.5410.5-40.20.007
Serumhs-CRP in mg/dL (IQR)3-671.25-158.5-88.26-85.23-89.5413-85.7< 0.001
Plasma glucose at admission in mg/dL135.82 (65.1)104.9 (48.5)162 (63.9)2126.28 (59.0)148.9 (60.3)139.43 (53.8)< 0.001
Blood urea in mg/dL (IQR)21-3819-29121-37.2523.25-4321-43.518.5-43.20.002
Serum creatinine in mg/dL1.19 (0.78)1.1 (0.54)1.2 (1.05)1.2 (0.64)1.2 (0.4)1.4 (1.6)0.164
Serum interleukin 6 in pg/mL (IQR)20-188.268.5-20013.2-118.5217.2-219.216.7-159.510.7-155.70.004
Serum ferritin in ng/mL (IQR)67.25-449.531.25-242.5116-45976.5-660.25346.5-54146.5-520.50.017
D-Dimer in μg/mL (IQR)0-20-10-30-20-20-1.20.43
Serum lactate dehydrogenase in IU/L (IQR)179-321180.2-256.7170-330.2186.7-318.5175-359.7187.2-347.70.751
Serum creatine kinase in IU/L (IQR)45.25-107.749-109.545-98.239.75-11848-10849.75-109.70.964
Serum procalcitonin in ng/mL0.16 (0.44)0.12 (0.32)0.26 (0.72)0.13 (0.4)0.13 (0.3)0.21 (0.4)0.695
Table 4 Predictors of mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 patients by multivariable logistic regression
Risk factor
Adjusted odds ratio (95%CI)
P value
Age1.21 (1.06-1.39)0.005a
Sex-0.742
Diabetes-0.057
Ischemic heart disease-0.686
Duration of antihypertensive therapy0.69 (0.51-0.94)0.008a
ACEI/ARB-0.997
Calcium channel blockers-0.996
ACEI/ARB + calcium channel blockers-0.997
Beta-blockers-0.998
Hemoglobin-0.465
Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio-0.071
ESR0.92 (0.87-0.97)0.005a
hs-CRP0.97 (0.95-0.99)0.014a
Blood urea0.095
Serum ferritin-0.081
Serum interleukin 60.97 (0.96-0.99)0.009a
Table 5 Performance criteria of the duration of antihypertensive therapy in discriminating the outcome of coronavirus disease 2019
Parameter
AUC (95%CI)
Sensitivity
Specificity
Cut of value of years
P value
Duration of antihypertensive therapy0.670 (0.574-0.767)70.855.74.50.007