Culturally adapted pictorial screening tool for autism spectrum disorder: A new approach

Table 1 English translation of items of Pictorial autism assessment schedule

Does your child bring over things to show you

Does your child enjoy being thrown up and down on your lap

Does your child enjoy playing hide and seek

Does your child show pretend play

Does your child point to request

Does your child play with toys appropriately rather than mostly mouth or break them

Does your child attempt to imitate your actions

Does your child show an interest in other children

Does your child show willingness to share toys with others

Does your child look at your face when you hold an object in front of you

Does your child imitate your facial gestures

Does your child reciprocate affectionate gestures from you

Does your child look directly at your face on request

If you point at something far away, does your child look in that direction

Does your child watch rotating objects such as a fan or wheels for long periods

Does your child show repetitive purposeless finger movements

Does your child respond when called by name

If you point at something nearby, does your child look in that direction

Does your child join in a play of another child

Does your child point and show something that interests him

Does your child often appear as if he is in his own world

Table 2 Characteristics of children who participated in the study

Variable	Group 1 n = 45	Group 2 n = 30	Group 3 n = 30
Mean age in months (range, SD)	36.5 (18-48, 12.02)	40.2 (18-48, 12.82)	31.8 (19-44, 9.77)
Sex
Male	38 (84.4)	22 (73.3)	17 (56.7)
Female	7 (15.6)	8 (26.7)	13 (43.3)
Screening positive (%)	40 (88.8)	9 (30.0)	1 (3.33)
Screening negative (%)	5 (11.1)	21 (70.0)	29 (96.7)
Maternal education
Primary education	3 (6.7)	2 (6.7)	6 (20.0)
Secondary education	19 (42.2)	22 (73.3)	22 (73.3)
Tertiary education	23 (51.1)	6 (20.0)	2 (6.7)

Table 3 Performance of Pictorial autism assessment schedule in discriminating between autism spectrum disorder, non-autism spectrum disorder developmental delay/disorder and typical development

Result	Group 1 (n = 45) vs Group 2 (n = 30)	Group 1 (n = 45) vs Group 3 (n = 30)
Sensitivity	88.80%	88.00%
Specificity	60.70%	93.30%
PPV	78.40%	95.20%
NPV	77.20%	84.00%
LR+	2.26	13.3
LR-	0.18	0.12