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Mar 9, 2026 (publication date) through Mar 9, 2026
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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics
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2219-2808
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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©Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2026.
World J Clin Pediatr. Mar 9, 2026; 15(1): 108069
Published online Mar 9, 2026. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v15.i1.108069
Table 1 Key characteristics of included studies
Ref.
Study type
Country
Vapers
Non users
Ammar et al[13], 2023Cross-sectional studyUnited States977173574
Cardenas et al[14], 2019Cohort studyUnited States6106
Cardenas et al[15], 2020Cross-sectional studyUnited States181062
Hawkins et al[17], 2022Cross-sectional studyUnited States30151153
Kim et al[18], 2020Cross-sectional studyUnited States33751430
McDonnell et al[19], 2020Cohort studyUnited States218108
Nanninga et al[20], 2023Cross-sectional studyNetherlands101706
Opondo et al[21], 2021Cross sectional studyUnited Kingdom994322
Regan and Pereira[22], 2021Cross sectional studyUnited States1898938
Regan et al[23], 2021Cross-sectional studyUnited States90676113
Shittu et al[24], 2022Cross-sectional studyUnited States21686354
Wang et al[25], 2020Cross-sectional studyUnited States12628770
Wang et al[26], 2022Cohort studyUnited States28526365
Wen et al[16], 2023Cohort studyUnited States1529432
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