Sleep disturbances in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A narrative review

Table 1 Tools for assessing sleep disturbances in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

	Questionnaire/scale	Age range	No. of items	Area of assessment	Availability/training
Pediatric sleepiness questionnaires	Pediatric daytime sleepiness scale[54]	11–15 years	8	Daytime sleepiness	Free to use/no training required
	Cleveland adolescent sleepiness questionnaire[55]	11–17 years	16	Daytime sleepiness	Free to use/no training required
	Epworth sleepiness scale for children[56]	2–18 years	8	Daytime sleepiness and nighttime alertness	Free to use/no training required
	Teacher’s daytime sleepiness questionnaire[57]	4–10 years	10	Daytime sleepiness by teachers	Free to use/no training required
Comprehensive sleep questionnaires	Sleep disturbance scale for children[58]	5–15 years	26	Sleep disorders	Free to use/requires no training
	Children sleep habits questionnaire[59]	4–10 years	45	Sleep disturbances and sleep disorders	Commercial use/requires no training
	Pediatric sleep questionnaire[60]	2–18 years	22	Sleep apnea and sleep disturbances	Free to use/requires no training
Sleep hygiene scales	Children’s sleep hygiene scale[61]	2–8 years	22	Children sleep hygiene	Free to use/requires no training
	Bedtime routine questionnaire[62]	2–8 years	31	Children sleep hygiene	Free to use/requires no training
	Adolescent sleep hygiene scale[63]	12–18 years	28	Adolescent sleep hygiene	Free to use/requires no training

Table 2 Health sleep habits[131]

Behavior	How to do it?
Schedule	Keep consistent schedule everyday with same wake up time to keep sleep wake cycle regulated
Bedtime routine	Establish regular relaxing routine before bedtime to prepare your body for sleep
Screen time	Turn off your electronics at least 30 minutes before bedtime
Sleep environment	Keep your bedroom dark quiet and - cool
Diet	Don’t eat large meals before bedtime. If hungry, eat small health snack
Drinks	Avoid any caffeinated drinks before bedtime
If you still can’t sleep	If you unable to fall asleep within 20 minutes, get out of the bed and engage in quite activity such as reading. Avoid using electronic during this time