Comprehensive study of community acquired Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children in Baoding, China, 2023

doi:10.5409/wjcp.v14.i4.108047

Advanced Search

BPG is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge

Home / Archive / Volume 14, Issue 4

This Article

Academic Content and Language Evaluation of This Article

CrossCheck and Google Search of This Article

Academic Rules and Norms of This Article

Supplementary Materials of This Article

Citation of this article

Corresponding Author of This Article

Research Domain of This Article

Article-Type of This Article

Open-Access Policy of This Article

Times Cited Counts in Google of This Article

Number of Hits and Downloads for This Article

Total Article Views (116)

All Articles published online

The chart showing PDF series, HTML series, Figures (1-2) series, Tables (1-7) series.

Item

Count

PDF

HTML

Figures (1-2)

Tables (1-7)

Sum=34

Featured Article

The chart showing Browse series, Download series.

Item

Count

Browse

Download

Sum=74

Publishing Process of This Article

Item

Count

Browse

Download

Sum=3

Dec 9, 2025 (publication date) through Nov 3, 2025

Times Cited of This Article

Times Cited (0)

Journal Information of This Article

Publication Name

World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics

ISSN

2219-2808

Publisher of This Article

Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

World J Clin Pediatr. Dec 9, 2025; 14(4): 108047
Published online Dec 9, 2025. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v14.i4.108047

Table 1 Routine hematological and biochemical parameters in blood samples from children (2–13 years) with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, median (interquartile range)

Laboratory parameters	SMPP cases (n = 245)	GMPP cases (n = 852)	P value
Children 2–5 years old (SMPP 49 cases vs GMPP 164 cases)
Leukocytes (10⁹/L)	7.83 (6.37, 9.26)	8.11 (6.24, 9.82)	0.792
Neutrophils (%)	62.1 (52.7, 67.7)	56.7 (48.3, 64.2)	0.039
Lymphocytes (%)	28.1 (24.2, 37.6)	32.8 (25.8, 40.7)	0.073
Eosinophils (%)	0.6 (0.3, 2.8)	1.2 (0.4, 2.8)	0.248
Platelet count (10⁹/L)	279 (218, 353)	299 (238, 377)	0.197
C-reactive protein (mg/L)	11.77 (4.68, 26.47)	7.846 (2.63, 17.21)	0.041
ALT (U/L)	15 (10, 28)	12 (10, 21)	0.072
AST (U/L)	32 (26, 42)	29 (24, 36)	0.066
CK (U/L)	56 (36, 127)	65 (45, 89)	0.956
CKMB (ng/mL)	2.92 (2.05, 3.65)	2.60 (2.03, 3.19)	0.233
LDH (U/L)	354 (294, 477)	288(256, 343)	< 0.001
Procalcitonin (ng/mL)	0.23 (0.10, 0.51)	0.12 (0.08, 0.26)	< 0.001
ESR (mm/h)	26 (17, 45)	30 (20, 50)	0.262
Prothrombin time (s)	12.5 (11.7, 13.0)	12.2 (11.6, 13.0)	0.47
INR	1.12 (1.05, 1.16)	1.11 (1.04, 1.17)	0.984
aPTT (s)	31.5 (28.9, 34.5)	33.0(30.4, 35.5)	0.088
Fibrinogen (g/L)	3.40 (3.16, 3.86)	3.68 (3.28, 4.10)	0.075
FDPs (mg/L)	2.2 (1.3, 4.1)	1.4 (0.9, 2.3)	0.008
D-dimer (mg/L)	0.389 (0.211, 0.711)	0.215 (0.142, 0.389)	< 0.001
Plasma antithrombin III (%)	110 (96, 119)	113 (103, 120)	0.271
Children 6–13 years old (SMPP 196 cases vs GMPP 688 cases)
Leukocytes (10⁹/L)	8.47 (6.54, 10.92)	7.96 (6.28, 9.88)	0.022
Neutrophils (%)	68.1 (60.1, 76.4)	61.8 (53.5, 69.0)	< 0.001
Lymphocytes (%)	21.4 (15.9, 29.2)	27.7 (21.3, 34.9)	< 0.001
Eosinophils (%)	0.8 (0.2, 2.3)	1.1 (0.4, 2.8)	0.034
Platelet count (10⁹/L)	272 (218, 335)	281 (231, 359)	0.056
C-reactive protein (mg/L)	18.59 (9.40, 40.09)	9.19 (3.47, 19.32)	< 0.001
ALT (U/L)	19 (13, 31)	14 (11, 22)	< 0.001
AST (U/L)	30 (20, 47)	25 (20, 30)	< 0.001
CK (U/L)	70 (43, 138)	66 (46, 97)	0.180
CKMB (ng/mL)	2.38 (1.81, 3.13)	2.33 (1.85, 3.03)	0.830
LDH (U/L)	321 (255, 439)	265 (232, 309)	< 0.001
Procalcitonin (ng/mL)	0.15 (0.09, 0.33)	0.10 (0.06, 0.16)	< 0.001
ESR (mm/h)	32 (20, 50)	33 (20, 50)	0.910
Prothrombin time (s)	13.1 (12.3, 14.0)	12.6 (12.0, 13.4)	< 0.001
INR	1.18 (1.11, 1.26)	1.14 (1.09, 1.21)	< 0.001
aPTT (s)	31.8 (29.3, 34.1)	32.7 (30.7, 35.1)	< 0.001
Fibrinogen (g/L)	4.00 (3.45, 4.61)	3.93 (3.53, 4.35)	0.137
FDPs (mg/L)	3.2 (1.7, 6.4)	1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	< 0.001
D-dimer (mg/L)	0.512 (0.226, 1.114)	0.236 (0.150, 0.376)	< 0.001
Plasma antithrombin III (%)	103 (96, 111)	106 (98, 114)	0.022

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; aPTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; AST: Aspartate transaminase; CK: Creatine kinase; CKMB: Creatine kinase-MB; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; GMPP: General Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia; INR: International standardized ratio; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; SMPP: Severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia; FDPs: Fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products.

Full Size Table

Table 2 Predictive biomarkers for severe Mycoplasma pneumonia pneumonia identified by binary logistic regression analysis

Independent factors	AUC (95%CI)	Cut-off value	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	P value
Children 2-5 years old
CRP	0.574 (0.462-0.685)	20.28	37.8	0.833	0.179
LDH	0.713 (0.617-0.809)	328.5	64.9	0.728	< 0.001
PCT	0.623 (0.513-0.732)	0.175	0.568	0.693	0.025
ESR	0.454 (0.351-0.557)	14.0	0.892	0.158	0.4
FDPs	0.611 (0.504-0.719)	2.19	0.541	0.719	0.042
D-Dimer	0.654 (0.556-0.752)	0.232	0.730	0.553	0.005
CRP + LDH + PCT + ESR + FDPs + D-Dimer	0.812 (0.740-0.885)	-	0.919	0.553	< 0.001
Children 6-13 years old
NEUT	0.661 (0.616-0.706)	67.95	0.551	0.722	< 0.001
CRP	0.680 (0.634-0.725)	13.315	0.672	0.634	< 0.001
FDPs	0.731 (0.687-0.775)	2.195	0.651	0.703	< 0.001
Prothrombin time	0.592 (0.544-0.640)	13.05	0.511	0.631	< 0.001
NEUT + CRP + FDPs + prothrombin time	0.749 (0.707-0.792)	-	0.618	0.785	< 0.001

CRP: C reactive protein; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; FDPs: Fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; NEUT: Neutrophils; PCT: Procalcitonin; AUC: Area under the curve.

Full Size Table

Table 3 Serum cytokine levels in children (2–13 years) with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, median (interquartile range)

Cytokines (pg/mL)	SMPP cases (n = 73)	GMPP cases (n = 103)	P value
Children 2-5 years old (SMPP 12 cases vs GMPP 23 cases)
IL-1β	1.18 (1.03, 1.27)	1.16 (0.81, 1.55)	0.897
IL-2	0.43 (0.12, 0.66)	0.77 (0.05, 1.04)	0.340
IL-4	0.92 (0.78, 1.37)	1.05 (0.81, 1.31)	0.715
IL-5	1.31 (0.51, 2.01)	1.58 (1.21, 2.09)	0.175
IL-6	52.62 (6.32, 69.84)	36.75(16.98, 64.12)	0.889
IL-8	11.25 (2.08, 76.07)	15.76 (9.37, 27.94)	0.424
IL-10	5.45 (3.65, 11.83)	2.53 (1.60, 4.55)	0.056
IL-12p70	0.09 (0.00, 0.30)	0.15 (0.07, 0.26)	0.207
IL-17A	1.17 (0.91, 1.28)	1.06 (0.91, 1.39)	0.626
IL-17F	1.31 (1.01, 2.20)	0.95 (0.91, 1.09)	0.003
IL-22	1.64 (1.34, 2.94)	1.48 (1.15, 2.11)	0.520
IFN-γ	9.56 (4.19, 15.16)	5.81 (3.38, 22.22)	0.677
TNF-α	1.14 (0.25, 1.93)	0.57 (0.00, 1.65)	0.575
TNF-β	0.17(0.00, 0.71)	0.00 (0.00, 0.30)	0.140
Children 6-13 years old (SMPP 61 cases vs GMPP 80 cases)
IL-1β	1.26 (0.87, 2.10)	1.20 (0.99, 1.51)	0.496
IL-2	0.77 (0.18, 1.47)	0.82 (0.27, 1.30)	0.784
IL-4	0.99 (0.74, 1.61)	1.12 (0.90, 1.32)	0.474
IL-5	1.45 (1.08, 2.59)	1.73 (1.26, 2.32)	0.500
IL-6	50.00 (17.60, 174.22)	24.56 (11.09, 65.74)	0.056
IL-8	17.09 (8.81, 39.10)	12.20 (7.63, 81.44)	0.752
IL-10	3.69 (2.00, 8.62)	2.24 (1.56, 3.66)	0.003
IL-12p70	0.27 (0.12, 0.53)	0.26 (0.05, 0.40)	0.217
IL-17A	1.02 (0.81, 1.49)	1.08 (0.85, 1.41)	0.585
IL-17F	1.05 (0.92, 2.11)	1.12 (0.93, 1.56)	0.932
IL-22	1.80 (1.12, 3.52)	1.79 (1.24, 3.24)	0.917
IFN-γ	8.73 (3.11, 16.77)	4.69 (3.49, 9.78)	0.046
TNF-α	1.92 (0.64, 4.59)	0.98 (0.07, 1.89)	0.007
TNF-β	0.15 (0.00, 1.04)	0.06 (0.00, 0.74)	0.797

IFN: Interferon; IL: Interleukin; GMPP: General Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia; SMPP: Severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.

Full Size Table

Table 4 Concomitant bacterial and viral pathogens in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, n (%)

Pathogens	Total (1160 cases)	SMPP (264 cases)	GMPP (896 cases)	P value
Mycoplasma pneumoniae mono-infection	844 (72.7)	200 (75.7)	644 (72.0)	0.213
Mycoplasma pneumoniae with other pathogens	316 (27.3)	64 (24.3)	252 (28.0)	0.213
Bacterial pathogens
Streptococcus pneumoniae	155 (13.3)	30 (11.4)	125 (14.1)	0.278
Haemophilus influenzae	72 (6.2)	10 (3.8)	62 (6.9)	0.064
Streptococcus pneumoniae + Haemophilus influenzae	22 (1.9)	3 (1.1)	19 (2.1)	0.442
Others	15 (1.2)	4 (1.5)	11 (1.1)	0.957
Total	264 (22.6)	47 (17.8)	217 (24.2)	0.092
Viral pathogens
RSV	7 (0.6)	0	7 (0.9)	0.361
RSV + ADV	3 (0.2)	1 (0.4)	2 (0.2)	0.540
HRV	8 (0.7)	3 (1.1)	5 (0.6)	0.565
HRV + ADV	1 (0.1)	0	1 (0.1)	1.0
HRV + HMPV	1 (0.1)	1 (0.4)	0	0.228
ADV	5 (0.5)	2 (0.7)	3 (0.3)	0.320
Others	12 (1.0)	4 (1.5)	8 (0.8)	0.486
Total	37 (3.2)	11 (4.1)	26 (2.9)	0.304
Any mix bacterial/viral pathogens
Streptococcus pneumoniae + virus	6 (0.6)	4 (1.6)	2 (0.2)	0.027
Haemophilus influenzae + virus(es)	6 (0.6)	1 (0.4)	5 (0.5)	1.0
Streptococcus pneumoniae + Haemophilus influenzae + virus(es)	3 (0.3)	1 (0.4)	2 (0.2)	0.540
Total	15 (1.5)	6 (2.4)	9 (0.9)	0.277

ADV: Human adenovirus; GMPP: General Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia; HMPV: Human metapneumovirus; HRV: Human rhinovirus; SMPP: Severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia; RSV: Respiratory syncytial virus.

Full Size Table

Table 5 Concomitant bacterial and viral pathogens in children of different age groups with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, n (%)

Groups	Age group, years	Number of cases, n	Mycoplasma pneumoniae mono-infection	Mycoplasma pneumoniae with other pathogens
Groups	Age group, years	Number of cases, n	Mycoplasma pneumoniae mono-infection	Total	Viral	Bacterial	Bacterial and viral
SMPP	0-1	13	7 (53.8)	6 (46.2)	0	6 (46.2)	0
	2-5	49	35 (71.4)	14 (28.6)	1 (2.0)	12 (24.6)	1 (2.0)
	6-15	202	158 (78.2)	44 (21.8)	10 (4.9)	29 (14.4)	5 (2.5)
	Total	264	200 (75.7)	64 (24.3)	11 (4.2)	47 (17.8)	6 (2.3)
GMPP	0-1	38	23 (60.5)	15 (39.5)	3 (7.9)	10 (26.3)	2 (5.3)
	2-5	164	108 (65.9)	56 (34.1)	4 (2.4)	48 (29.3)	4 (2.4)
	6-15	694	513 (73.9)	181 (26.1)	19 (2.8)	159 (22.9)	3 (0.4)
	Total	896	644 (71.9)	252 (28.1)	26 (2.9)	217 (24.2)	9 (1.0)

GMPP: General Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia; SMPP: Severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.

Full Size Table

Table 6 Occurrence of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in children of different age groups with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, n (%)

Groups	Age group, years	Number of cases, n	Mycoplasma pneumoniae with other pathogens
Groups	Age group, years	Number of cases, n	Total	*Streptococcus pneumoniae*	*Haemophilus influenzae*
SMPP	0-1	13	6 (46.2)	4 (30.8)	1 (7.7)
	2-5	49	14 (28.6)	11 (22.4)	6 (12.2)
	6-15	202	44 (21.8)	23 (11.4)	8 (4.0)
	Total	264	64 (24.3)	38 (14.4)	15 (5.7)
GMPP	0-1	38	15 (39.5)	6 (15.8)	5 (13.2)
	2-5	164	56 (34.1)	39 (23.8)	26 (15.9)
	6-15	694	181 (26.1)	103 (14.8)	57 (8.2)
	Total	896	252 (28.1)	148 (16.5)	88 (9.8)

GMPP: General Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia; SMPP: Severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.

Full Size Table

Table 7 Antibiotic treatment of the children of different age groups with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, n (%)

Age group (years)	SMPP (n = 264)				GMPP (n = 896)				P value
Age group (years)	Total, n	Mono macrolides	Combined antibiotic therapy	P value	Total, n	Mono macrolides	Combined antibiotic therapy	P value	P value
0-1	13	4 (30.8)	9 (69.2)	0.117	38	9 (23.7)	29 (76.3)	< 0.001	0.891^a, 0.891^b
2-5	49	10 (20.4)	39 (79.6)	< 0.001	164	51 (31.1)	113 (68.9)	< 0.001	0.146^a, 0.146^b
6-15	202	28 (13.9)	174 (86.1)	< 0.001	694	144 (20.7)	550 (79.3)	< 0.001	0.029^a, 0.029^b
Total	264	42 (15.9)	222 (84.1)	< 0.001	896	204 (22.8)	692 (77.2)	< 0.001	0.017^a, 0.017^b

^aP values indicate statistical significance of mono-macrolide therapy between severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia and general Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia groups.

^bP values indicate the statistical significance of combined antibiotic therapy between severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia and general Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia groups.

GMPP: General Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia; SMPP: Severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.

Full Size Table

Citation: Bi J, Li X, Tang H, Kalinina O, Jiang TT, Jiao WW, Zeng X, Dmitriev A, Shen A. Comprehensive study of community acquired Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children in Baoding, China, 2023. World J Clin Pediatr 2025; 14(4): 108047
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2219-2808/full/v14/i4/108047.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v14.i4.108047