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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Clin Pediatr. Dec 9, 2025; 14(4): 108047
Published online Dec 9, 2025. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v14.i4.108047
Published online Dec 9, 2025. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v14.i4.108047
Comprehensive study of community acquired Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children in Baoding, China, 2023
Jing Bi, He Tang, Ting-Ting Jiang, Alexander Dmitriev, Adong Shen, Baoding Key Laboratory for Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases in Children, Hebei Key laboratory of Infectious Diseases Pathogenesis and Precise Diagnosis and Treatment, Baoding Hospital of Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Baoding 071000, Hebei Province, China
Xu Li, Wei-Wei Jiao, Xi Zeng, Adong Shen, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing 10045, China
Olga Kalinina, Department of Laboratory Medicine with Clinic, Institution of Medical Education, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg 197341, Russia
Olga Kalinina, Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics, Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg 197021, Russia
Alexander Dmitriev, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology, Saint Petersburg 190013, Russia
Co-corresponding authors: Alexander Dmitriev and Adong Shen.
Author contributions: Bi J interpreted the data, provided clinical advice, drafted the initial manuscript; Li X contributed to the data collection process and formal analysis; Tang H, Jiang TT collected the data, provided clinical advice; Kalinina O participated in data analysis and interpretation; Jiao WW and Zeng X participated in data collection and editing the manuscript; Shen A contributed to project administration; Dmitriev A and Shen A conceptualized the study, analyzed and interpreted the data, drafted the initial manuscript; all Authors contributed to manuscript editing and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Supported by Baoding Science and Technology Plan Project, No. 2272P011; Hebei Province Scientific Research Project, No. 20241734; and Hebei Natural Science Foundation Project, No. H2024104011.
Institutional review board statement: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Baoding Hospital of Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University (protocol N 2025-19).
Informed consent statement: Written informed consent was obtained from the participants’ legal guardian/next of kin.
Conflict-of-interest statement: Dr. Shen reports grants from Baoding Science and Technology Institute, grants from Hebei Province Science and Technology Institute, grants from Hebei Natural Science Foundation, during the conduct of the study.
STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement—checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement—checklist of items.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Adong Shen, Professor, National Clinical Medical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing Children's Hospital, Beijing Institute of Pediatrics, No. 56 Nan Li Shi Rd, Beijing 100045, China. shenad16@hotmail.com
Received: April 9, 2025
Revised: May 8, 2025
Accepted: August 1, 2025
Published online: December 9, 2025
Processing time: 211 Days and 5.4 Hours
Revised: May 8, 2025
Accepted: August 1, 2025
Published online: December 9, 2025
Processing time: 211 Days and 5.4 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: After the lifting of strict non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), the dramatic rise of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) incidence in Europe and Asia was observed. Comprehensive study of community acquired cases of MPP in 2023 in Baoding Hospital, China, was performed. The dramatic increase in the incidence of MPP cases, that was delayed for nine months after lifting NPIs, and unprecedented 93.2% prevalence of macrolide resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae causing pneumonia in children were revealed. We hypothesized that strict NPIs may have created the “bottleneck” selecting the most successful bacterial clone(s) that subsequently spread, and it may represent a “founder effect”.