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©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Clin Pediatr. Dec 9, 2025; 14(4): 107346
Published online Dec 9, 2025. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v14.i4.107346
Published online Dec 9, 2025. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v14.i4.107346
Table 1 Child characteristics based on intended and unintended pregnancy, n (%)
| Characteristics | Intended (n = 350) | Unintended (n = 350) |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 148 (42.3) | 166 (47.4) |
| Female | 202 (57.7) | 184 (52.6) |
| Birth weight | ||
| ≥ 2500 gr | 334 (95.4) | 324 (92.6) |
| < 2500 gr | 16 (4.6) | 26 (7.4) |
| Weight-for-length, Z-score | ||
| Obese (> +3 SD) | 15 (4.3) | 12 (3.4) |
| Overweight (> +2 SD) | 47 (13.4) | 35 (10.0) |
| Risk of overweight (> +1 SD) | 62 (17.7) | 71 (20.3) |
| Normal (> -2 to +1 SD) | 186 (53.2) | 118 (33.7) |
| Wasted (< -2 SD) | 28 (8.0) | 80 (22.9) |
| Severely wasted (< -3 SD) | 12 (3.4) | 34 (9.7) |
| BMI-for-age, Z-score | ||
| Obese (> +3 SD) | 19 (5.4) | 15 (4.3) |
| Overweight (> +2 SD) | 44 (12.6) | 35 (10.0) |
| Risk of overweight (> +1 SD) | 63 (18.0) | 74 (21.1) |
| Normal (> -2 to +1 SD) | 189 (54.0) | 124 (35.4) |
| Underweight (< -2 SD) | 24 (6.9) | 71 (20.3) |
| Severely underweight (< -3 SD) | 11 (3.1) | 31 (8.9) |
| Height-for-age, Z-score | ||
| Tall (> +2 SD) | 19 (5.4) | 12 (3.4) |
| Normal (-2 to +2 SD) | 251 (71.8) | 246 (70.3) |
| Stunted (< -2 SD) | 74 (21.1) | 82 (23.4) |
| Severely stunted (< -3 SD) | 6 (1.7) | 10 (2.9) |
| Head circumference-for-age, Z-score | ||
| Macrocephaly (> +2 SD) | 3 (0.9) | 5 (1.4) |
| Normal (-2 to +2 SD) | 269 (76.8) | 221 (63.2) |
| Microcephaly (> -2 SD) | 78 (22.3) | 124 (35.4) |
| Screening child social-emotional and behavioral | ||
| Normal | 336 (96.0) | 196 (56.0) |
| Behavioral and emotional disorders | 14 (4.0) | 154 (44.0) |
| Screening for autistic spectrum disorder | ||
| Normal | 299 (85.4) | 192 (54.9) |
| Autism spectrum disorder | 51 (14.6) | 158 (45.1) |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | ||
| No | 334 (95.4) | 257 (73.4) |
| Yes | 16 (4.6) | 93 (26.6) |
| The interdependence of motor and social skill development | ||
| Normal | 286 (81.7) | 210 (60.0) |
| Social communication and motor skill deficits | 64 (18.3) | 140 (40.0) |
| Pediatric vision screening | ||
| Normal | 336 (96.0) | 289 (82.6) |
| Visual impairments | 14 (4.0) | 61 (17.4) |
| Hearing screening | ||
| Normal | 304 (86.9) | 288 (82.3) |
| Hearing impaired | 46 (13.1) | 62 (17.7) |
Table 2 Evaluation of measurement and structural model
| Measurement | Results | Standard |
| Outer model | ||
| Outer loading | 0.504-0.855 | > 0.70 (ideal), > 0.50 acceptable for exploratory research |
| Cronbach’s alpha | 0.628-1.00 | > 0.60 (exploratory), > 0.70 (confirmatory) |
| AVE | 0.689-1.00 | > 0.50 |
| Cross-loadings | Loading on own construct > other constructs | Loading on own construct > other constructs |
| Inner model | ||
| Path coefficient | 0.276 (Child growth), 0.583 (Child development) | Values closer to 1 indicate stronger relationships |
| R2 | 0.176 (Child growth), 0.339 (Child development) | ≥ 0.67 (substantial), ≥ 0.33 (moderate) and ≥ 0.19 (weak) |
| f2 | 0.182 (Child growth), 0.514 (Child development) | ≥ 0.35 (large), ≥ 0.15 (medium) and ≥ 0.02 (small) |
| Q2 | 0.131 (Child growth), 0.187 (Child development) | > 0 |
- Citation: Yanti L, Surtiningsih, Ardiyani FHN, Sekarini NNAD, Susanti D, Mustaan, Murniati, Supriyadi, Santosa A. Long-term consequences of unintended pregnancy: Impacts on early childhood growth and development in a multicenter study. World J Clin Pediatr 2025; 14(4): 107346
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2219-2808/full/v14/i4/107346.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v14.i4.107346