Editorial
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Clin Pediatr. Nov 9, 2022; 11(6): 437-454
Published online Nov 9, 2022. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v11.i6.437
Table 1 The various gastrointestinal effects of cow’s milk in humans
Items
Details
Cow’s milk protein allergyPediatric onset: (1) IgE-mediated; (2) Non-IgE-mediated; and (3) Mixed type
Adult onset: (1) Mostly IgE-mediated; and (2) Pregnancy-induced CMPA
Pediatric onset with adulthood persistence
Lactose intoleranceDevelopmental
Congenital (inherited)
Primary (aging-induced)
Secondary
Cow’s milk-related functional gastrointestinal disordersFunctional dyspepsia
Persistent regurgitation and gastroesophageal reflux
Infant colic
Functional constipation
Irritable bowel syndrome
Cow’s milk and inflammatory bowel diseasesCrohn’s disease
Cow’s milk-related gastrointestinal cancerAnti-colorectal cancer
Milk-born gastrointestinal infectionsMycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium bovis, Salmonella species, brucellosis, streptococcal infections, “summer diarrhea”, Yersinia enterocolitica, diphtheria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Campylobacter jejuni, Citrobacter species, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella species