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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Clin Pediatr. Dec 9, 2025; 14(4): 111441
Published online Dec 9, 2025. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v14.i4.111441
Published online Dec 9, 2025. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v14.i4.111441
Impact of low vision and blindness on characteristics of developmental delay in children younger than 6 years
Prakasit Wannapaschaiyong, Sureelak Sutchritpongsa, Pat Rojmahamonkol, Amornrat Penphattarakul, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
Suksri Chotikavanich, Piangporn Saksiriwutto, Akarawit Eiamsamarng, Simaporn Setthawong, Theerajate Phongsuphan, Piyaphat Jaruniphakul, Rungtip Yingyong, Nattapon Sarinak, Ekpipat Eksupapan, Saranya Sagan, Pridaporn Onlamul, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
Author contributions: Wannapaschaiyong P, Chotikavanich S, and Eiamsamarng A contributed to the study conception and design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of data, and wrote the initial draft; Sutchritpongsa S, Rojmahamonkol P, Penphattarakul A, Saksiriwutto P, Setthawong S, Phongsuphan T, Jaruniphakul P, Yingyong R, Sarinak N, Eksupapan E, Sagan S, and Onlamul P helped design the study and assisted in data collections; Wannapaschaiyong P, Chotikavanich S, and Eiamsamarng A contributed to the final approval of the manuscript; all authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Institutional review board statement: This study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University (approval number: Si779/2022).
Informed consent statement: The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Siriraj Institutional Review Board due to the study’s retrospective design.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare no conflict of interest.
Data sharing statement: The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Due to patient confidentiality, raw data are not publicly available.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Suksri Chotikavanich, Associate Professor, Department of Oph
Received: July 6, 2025
Revised: July 24, 2025
Accepted: August 27, 2025
Published online: December 9, 2025
Processing time: 119 Days and 11.3 Hours
Revised: July 24, 2025
Accepted: August 27, 2025
Published online: December 9, 2025
Processing time: 119 Days and 11.3 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: In this study of 161 children under 6 years, 83.2% of visually impaired patients were identified as having global developmental delay, a proportion markedly higher than reported in prior studies. Children unable to fixate and follow objects had 41-fold increased odds of global developmental delay, with significant delays across all domains—gross motor, fine motor, language, and personalsocial skills. Cortical visual impairment and the presence of multiple disabilities emerged as key risk factors. These findings highlight the high prevalence and significant associations of developmental delay in young children with visual impairment and underscore the importance of timely, multidisciplinary intervention.