Gautam T, Shamsad A, Singh R, Banerjee M. Emerging biomarkers for gestational diabetes mellitus and related pediatric outcomes. World J Clin Pediatr 2025; 14(4): 109476 [DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v14.i4.109476]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Monisha Banerjee, PhD, Professor, Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, University Road, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India. monishabanerjee30@gmail.com
Research Domain of This Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
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Review
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This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Dec 9, 2025 (publication date) through Oct 31, 2025
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Publication Name
World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics
ISSN
2219-2808
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA
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Gautam T, Shamsad A, Singh R, Banerjee M. Emerging biomarkers for gestational diabetes mellitus and related pediatric outcomes. World J Clin Pediatr 2025; 14(4): 109476 [DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v14.i4.109476]
Tanu Gautam, Amreen Shamsad, Monisha Banerjee, Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India
Renu Singh, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
Co-first authors: Tanu Gautam and Amreen Shamsad.
Author contributions: Gautam T contributed to writing original draft and visualization; Gautam T and Shamsad A contributed to conceptualization; Banerjee M contributed to supervision; Gautam T, Shamsad A, Singh R, and Banerjee M contributed to writing review and editing; all authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Supported by DBT-BUILDER-University of Lucknow Interdisciplinary Life Science Programme for Advance Research and Education (Level II), No. TG BT/INF/22/SP47623/2022; and Maulana Azad National Fellowship, University Grants Commission, New Delhi, Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, No. F. 82-27/2019 (SA III).
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Monisha Banerjee, PhD, Professor, Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, University Road, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India. monishabanerjee30@gmail.com
Received: May 13, 2025 Revised: June 3, 2025 Accepted: August 26, 2025 Published online: December 9, 2025 Processing time: 171 Days and 23.7 Hours
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a metabolic condition caused by chronic insulin resistance during pregnancy, affecting millions of women globally and causing significant health concerns. Its consequences are far-reaching, associated with poor feto-maternal outcomes. GDM has serious implications on metabolic health in both mother and child. Early diagnosis and management of GDM are crucial to prevent related consequences. Traditional diagnostic and predictive biomarkers for GDM, including oral glucose tolerance test, adiponectin, resistin, etc., have limitations. Recent advances in research have identified novel biomarkers for GDM, offering promising alternatives for early diagnosis and prediction to prevent the associated adverse pediatric outcomes. Emerging biomarkers include microRNAs, cell-free DNA, exosomes, glycolytic intermediates, inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein and interleukin-6), metabolic biomarkers (Betatrophin, fetuin-A, etc.), etc. Emerging bidirectional communication pathway (gut microbiota gut-brain-axis) plays a crucial role in GDM pathophysiology, and could be a promising biomarker. Emerging technologies such as next-generation sequencing, metabolomics, and proteomics have enabled the discovery of novel biomarkers for GDM and related pediatric outcomes. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on emerging biomarkers for GDM, including their diagnostic accuracy, predictive value, and potential clinical applications to improve feto-maternal outcomes by personalized medicine approaches.
Core Tip: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a prevalent metabolic condition caused by chronic insulin resistance during pregnancy, affecting millions of women worldwide. It leads to poor maternal and neonatal outcomes. Traditional diagnostic and predictive biomarkers have limitations. Recent research has identified novel biomarkers, such as microRNAs, cell-free DNA, exosomes, glycolytic intermediates, inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers, amino acids, lipids, and gut microbiota metabolites, which offer promising alternatives for early diagnosis and prediction. These biomarkers may pave the way for personalized medicine, improving the prediction of GDM and related pediatric outcomes.
