Towards comprehensive care in crush syndrome: Expanding the multidisciplinary framework

Table 1 Screening and assessment tools for post-traumatic stress disorder and psychiatric sequelae in crush syndrome survivors

Tool	Target condition	Description	When to use	Interpretation/cut-off
PHQ-9	Depression	9-item self-report questionnaire assessing depressive symptoms	Within 1-2 weeks of stabilization, repeat during rehabilitation	Score ≥ 10 indicates moderate depression
GAD-7	Anxiety	7-item screening tool for generalized anxiety disorder	Initial psychological evaluation; routine use in follow-up	Score ≥ 10 suggests clinically relevant anxiety
PCL-5	PTSD	20-item self-report tool based on DSM-5 PTSD criteria	Screen at 2-4 weeks post-injury and during long-term follow-up	Score ≥ 33 is suggestive of probable PTSD
HADS	Depression and anxiety	14-item tool (7 for anxiety, 7 for depression) commonly used in hospital settings	For patients with limited literacy or hospital fatigue	Score ≥ 8 in either subscale indicates possible clinical disorder
IES-R	PTSD	22-item impact of event scale-revised, assesses subjective distress caused by traumatic events	Useful in research and baseline trauma assessment	Score ≥ 24 indicates clinical concern for PTSD

PTSD: Post-traumatic stress disorder; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9; GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7; PCL-5: Post-traumatic stress disorder Checklist for DSM-5; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; IES-R: Impact of Event Scale-Revised.