Editorial
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Orthop. May 18, 2024; 15(5): 400-403
Published online May 18, 2024. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v15.i5.400
Table 1 A brief description of different types of autologous peripheral blood-derived orthobiologics and associated recent clinical evidence evaluating their efficacy for the management of knee osteoarthritis
APBOs
Ref.
Description
Most recent clinical evidence
PRPXiong et al[2]PRP is derived from whole blood and is rich in platelets, can be LR or LP, is poor in erythrocytes, and can be activated using external activatorsAn up-to-date systematic review and meta-analysis examined 24 RCTs with 1344 patients and reported significant improvements in the VAS, KOOS, WOMAC, and IKDC scores in the PRP group compared to the controls (saline and/or HA)
PLHosseini et al[3]PL is derived from PRP and formulated via a double freeze/thaw cycleA recent RCT involving 50 patients reported significant improvements in VAS, WOMAC, and ROM scores at the 6-mo follow-up in the PL group compared to the baseline and PRP group
ACSRaeissadat et al[4]ACS is formulated by incubating whole blood with CrSO4-coated glass beadsA recent meta-analysis investigated eight clinical studies involving 439 patients with at least 3 mo of follow-up and reported significant improvements in VAS and WOMAC scores post-treatment with ACS compared to the baseline
GOLDICTulpule et al[5]GOLDIC is a type of ACS and involves incubating whole blood with gold particlesA recent prospective study involving 65 patients (106 knees) reported significant improvements in VAS and WOMAC scores at the 12-mo follow-up in patients treated with serial injections of GOLDIC compared to the baseline
PRGFRíos Luna et al[6]PRGF is formulated by activating erythrocyte poor and LP-PRP with CaCl2A recent retrospective observational study involving 79 patients (85 knees) reported significant improvements in the KOOS score at the 11-mo follow-up post-administration of PRGF compared to the baseline
GFCSaraf et al[7]GFC is an acellular formulation prepared by incubating whole blood with an external platelet activatorA recent RCT involving 58 participants reported significant improvements in VAS and WOMAC scores at the 12-mo follow-up in patients treated with serial injections of GFC compared to the control
APSKuwasawa et al[8]APS is derived from and formulated by exposing LR-PRP to polyacrylamide beadsA recent retrospective study assessed 148 knees and reported significant improvement in the KOOS score at the 12-mo follow-up post-injection of APS compared to the baseline
PRFCheeva-Akrapan and Turajane[9]PRF is derived from whole blood, formulated without the use of an anticoagulant, and consists of autologous platelets and a LR fibrin matrixA recent prospective cohort study involving 368 participants reported that nearly 80% of patients had their surgery postponed over 3 yr following the administration of PRP supplemented with PRF, supporting its utility in treating osteoarthritis patients for long-term effects
HSOlmos Calvo et al[10]HS is formulated by mechanically releasing, via pressing or centrifugation, growth factors and cytokines from the PRF clotA recent clinical study involving 24 patients reported significant improvements in Lysholm-Tegner, VAS, and KOOS scores at the 6-mo follow-up in patients treated with serial injections of HS compared to the baseline
ACPKorpershoek et al[11]ACP is a single-spin LP-PRP formulationA recent real-world prospective case series involving 260 patients (307 knees) reported significant improvement in KOOS and NPRS at the 12-mo follow-up compared to the baseline after administration of 3 weekly intra-articular injections of ACP. Interestingly, despite a statistically significant outcome for the KOOS score, the MCID was not accomplished