Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Orthop. Oct 18, 2024; 15(10): 918-931
Published online Oct 18, 2024. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v15.i10.918
Table 1 Surface markers of urine-derived stem cells
Surface markers in USCs
Ref.
MSC-like markersCD73, CD90, CD29, CD44, CD146
CD73, CD29, CD44
CD73, CD90, CD44, CD146
CD73, CD90, CD105 (high), CD44, CD146
CD73, CD90, CD146
CD73, CD90, CD105, CD29, CD24, CD146
CD73, CD90, CD29
CD73, CD90, CD29, CD44, CD54, CD166, CD146
CD73, CD90, CD105, CD29, CD44
CD90, CD29, CD44
CD73, CD90, CD105, CD29, CD44, CD166, STRO-1, CD54, CD146
CD73, CD90, CD105, CD44
CD73, CD90, CD105, STRO-1 (low), CD146
CD73, CD90, CD105, CD24, CD29, CD44, CD117, STRO-1, CD146
CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 (low)
CD24, CD29, CD34, CD44, CD73, CD90
Other pluripotency markersTRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, SSEA-4, SOX2, OCT4, MYC, KLF4
SSEA-4
OCT4, MYC
OCT4, NANOG[20]
CD133
Urinary system markersNephrin, WT1[20]
PAX2, PAX8
Uroplakin Ia, cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 19
MP markersPAX7, MYF5, MOYD, desmin, dystrophin, myogenin, α-smooth muscle actin[24]
Table 2 Reprogramming methods of urine-derived stem cells
Reprogramming method
Vectors
Factors
Ref.
SeVSeVOSKM[15,43,44,48,49,58,60,63,71]
OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, LIN28
JDP2, JHDM1B, MKK6, GLIS1, NANOG, ESSRB, SALL4
Exogenous plasmidsEpiKLD4, MYC, OCT4, SOX2, LIN28, shP53
OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, miR-302-367
OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, LIN28, KLF4 and MYC[85,86]
OCT4, SOX2, SV40 LT, KLF4 and miR302-367
OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, MYC, KLF4, LIN28
OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and miR-302-367
pCXLE-hOCT4-shP53-F, pCXLE-hSK, pCXLE-h ULOSKM, shP53, LIN28
TET-ON-induced expression vectorOSKM
pEP4EO2SET2KOCT4, SOX2, SV40 LT and KLF4, miR-302b, c, a, d and miR-367
SMCyclic pifithrin-a, A-83-01, CHIR99021, thiazovivin, NaB, PD0325901
mRNAOSKM LNg
srRNAOSKM, NSP 1-4
LentivirusLentiviral vectorsOSKM
Table 3 Differentiation and application of urine-derived stem cells and urine-derived pluripotent stem cells
Cells
Differentiation
Factors
Diseases/animal model
Ref.
USCsNPCshEGF, bFGF[28]
Neural lineage cells (astrocytes)TransplantationCCI model (rat)[28]
NeuronsLaminin, PDGF-BB
VPA, CHIR99021, repsox, forskolin, SP600625, GO6983, Y27632
NSCsCocktail (P, F, V, N) and srRNA (with OSKG)
OsteoblastsSilver nanoparticlesBone defect model
Y-27632
Calcium silicate ionic, BMP2
BMP2, FAK
BCP-CS
Surface mineralized BCP[19]
BMP2-CSM/Col I hydrogel
ChondrocytesHyaluronic acid with USCs
Y-27632
ACM scaffolds
Muscle cellsVEGF, IGF-1, FGF-1, PDGF-BB, HGF, NGF
HD myogenic differentiation medium[103]
Lentiviral with MYOD
hp-HA (IGF-1, HGF, PDGF-BB)
HepatocytesCo-culture with HPCs[5]
UiPSCsCardiac myocytesActivin A, bFGF, BMP4, DKK1, VEGF[56]
Cardiomyocyte differentiation kit (Gibco, catA2921201)
CHIR99021, BIO, KY02111, IWP2
GIWI2
HIR99021, IWP2MI (rat)
KPCsAKI[69]
Kidney organoidsY-27632, APEL-2, CHIR99021, hFGF9, heparin
Neurons, astrocytesTransplantationSCI model (rat)
NPCsN2B27, dorsomorphin, SB4315242
HPCsFlavonoid
Muscle cellsCHIR99021[52]
Neurons, astrocytes, VECsSimulate the brain microenvironment of diabetes mellitus
RCs, CCsRDM
LBBMP, BMP4, BMP7, bFGF, WNT3A
AECs II
Hepatocytes