Targeting tumor metabolism through precision nutrition: A therapeutic strategy to improve cancer outcomes

Table 1 Dietary modulation of cancer metabolism: From nutritional risk factors to the ketogenic diet

Cancer type	At-risk diet	Protective diet	Strength of evidence
Nasopharyngeal	Salt preserved food, nitrosamine	Fruit, vegetables, vitamin C, folate	Moderate
Oesophageal	Hot beverages above 65 °C	Fruit, vegetables	Strong
Stomach	Salt preserved food, nitrites, pickled vegetables	Fruit, vegetables, vitamin C, β-carotene, selenium, α-tocopherol, polyphenol	Moderate
Colorectal	Unprocessed red meat, processed red meat (nitrates, nitrites)	Milk, calcium, vitamin D, cereal fiber, wholegrain cereals, folate	Strong
Liver	Aflatoxin in grains, nuts, dried fruit stored in hot and humid conditions	Coffee	Strong
Pancreas	Processed red meat, saturated fats, sugary drinks	β-carotene, selenium, α-tocopherol, vitamin A, lycopene	Limited-moderate
Breast	Smoked meat, high fat diet	Isoflavones are largely from soya, vitamin D	Limited-moderate
Prostate	Dairy products, calcium	β-carotene, vitamin D, vitamin E, selenium, lycopene, isoflavone	Limited