Intracystic glucose is superior to carcinoembryonic antigen in diagnosing mucinous pancreatic cysts in genomic era: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics and diagnostic performance of included studies evaluating intracystic glucose and carcinoembryonic antigen for differentiating mucinous from non-mucinous pancreatic cysts

Ref.	Study design	Country	Patients, n	Male (%)	Mean age, years	MC, n	NMC, n	Mean lesion size, mm	Cysts undergoing surgery (%)	Malignant lesio, n (%)	Diagnostic methods for identifying mucinous cysts
Carr et al[10], 2018	Prospective, single-center	United States	153	30.1	NR	106	47	30.50	100	10.45	Surgical pathology
Ribaldone et al[12], 2020	Prospective, single-center	Italy	56	35.7	62.6 ± 14.4	31	25	43.9	23.2	5.35	Cytology, nCLE or surgical pathology, imaging and consensus
Simons-Linares et al[13], 2020	Retrospective, single-center	United States	113	37	66.9 ± 13.5	73	40	28	18	3.7	Combination of EUS, imaging, fluid analysis, cytology
Bruni et al[17], 2024	Prospective, multicenter	Italy and Sweden	50	42	70	33	17	22	22	18.9	Surgical pathology, cytology, imaging features or consensus
Gyimesi et al[18], 2024	Prospective, single-center	Hungary	91	30.8	65.6	52	39	32.3	14.3	8.8	Surgical pathology, cytology, imaging features
Ribeiro et al[19], 2024	Retrospetive, single-center	Portugal	78	38.5	64	44	34	31	NR	NR	Surgical pathology, EUS-TTNB, consensus
Rossi et al[20], 2024	Prospective, single-center	Italy	169	37.3	62.49	108	61	40.18 ± 19.37	7.7	NR	Surgical pathology, cytology, imaging features or consensus
Faias et al[38], 2020	Retrospective multicenter	Portugal	82	41	61.3 ± 14.8	38	44	38.5 ± 20.4	14.63	15.85	Surgical pathology or EUS cytology
Zikos et al[11], 2015	Retrospective, single-center	United States	65	46.2	60.6	42	23	35.3	100	20	Surgical pathology
Smith et al[22], 2022	Retrospective, multicenter	United States	93	45.2	65	59	34	38.3 ± 23.1	48.4	25.8	Histology (surgery, FNB, TTNB)
Williet et al[23], 2023	Retrospective, multicenter	France	81	49.9	61.8	46	35	33	14.8	11.1	Histology, surgical pathology, imaging, nCLE
Gorris et al[40], 2023	Prospective, single-center	Amsterdam	63	51	65	33	30	NR	57	3.17	Histopathology, cytology, imaging
Sinha et al[24], 2024	Prospective, single-center	India	100	38	60.8	54	46	NR	NR	3.00	Histology or EUS cytology
Zamir et al[39], 2022	Prospective, single-center	Israel	101	41.6	67.46 ± 11.86	77	24	NR	3.1	1.98	Expert consensus (clinical + imaging + cytology ± histology)
Noia et al[21], 2021 (D)	Retrospective, multicenter	Spain, Argentina	40	52.5	68.8± 11.7	26	14	35.2 ± 23.4	NR	NR	Histology, consensus (clinical, imaging, cytology)
Noia et al[21], 2021 (V)	Retrospective, multicenter	Spain, Argentina	32	34.3	63.7 ± 13.2	22	10	31.9 ± 17.3	NR	NR	Histology, consensus (clinical, imaging, cytology)
Park et al[14], 20131	Retrospective, single-center	United States	31	71.4	62	22	9	30	54	34.28	Histology or positive cytology

¹Data from the cohort of patients with both glucose and carcinoembryonic antigen measurement.

D: Derivation cohort; V: Validation cohort; MC: Mucinous cysts; NMC: Non-mucinous cysts; nCLE: Needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound; FNB: Fine needle biopsy; EUS-TTNB: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided through-the-needle biopsy; TTNB: Through-the-needle biopsy; NR: Not reported.