Role of lactylation in tumorigenesis: Analysis based on the ten hallmarks of cancer

Table 1 Clinical correlations and mechanistic implications of H3K18 lactylation in human cancers

Cancer type	Patient cohort/method	Key prognostic findings	Mechanistic link
Breast cancer	Clinical samples (n = 76)/immunohistochemistry and The Cancer Genome Atlas analysis	High H3K18 La levels correlate significantly with advanced T, N, and M stages	Upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta transcription factor, promoting cell survival
Non-small cell lung cancer	Clinical tissues (n = 125)/immunohistochemistry and Kaplan-Meier analysis	Elevated H3K18 La levels are positively correlated with poor patient prognosis	Activation of pore membrane protein 121/MYC/PD-L1 pathway, enhancing immune escape
Small cell lung cancer	ES-SCLC patients (n = 10)/immunohistochemistry and Kaplan-Meier analysis	High H3K18 La levels are associated with shorter overall survival in patients treated with immunotherapy	Transcriptional activation of neuron-derived clone 77, impairing T-cell function
Pancreatic cancer	Clinical tissues (n = 21)/western blot	H3K18 La levels positively correlate with serum tumor markers (carbohydrate antigen 19-9, carcinoembryonic antigen) and tumor size	General marker of high lactate and tumor burden

H3K18 La: 3K18 lactylation; MYC: Myelocytomatosis oncogene; PD-L1: Programmed cell death ligand 1.