PIGU overexpression and regulation of cellular biological functions in bladder cancer

doi:10.5306/wjco.v17.i3.117055

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Mar 24, 2026 (publication date) through May 9, 2026

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World Journal of Clinical Oncology

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2218-4333

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Clin Oncol. Mar 24, 2026; 17(3): 117055
Published online Mar 24, 2026. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v17.i3.117055

Table 1 The relationship between PIGU protein expression levels and clinicopathological features based on in-house bladder cancer tissue microarrays

Parameters	Group	Number	mean ± SD	Z	P value
Tissue	Tumor	121	10.65 ± 2.14	-7.858	P < 0.001^a
Tissue	Non-tumor	32	5.56 ± 2.68
Gender	Male	102	10.85 ± 1.99	-2.506	P = 0.012^b
Gender	Female	16	9.31 ± 2.70
Age	< 65	60	10.58 ± 2.23	-0.227	0.821
Age	≥ 65	58	10.71 ± 2.09
T stage	T1-T2	97	10.55 ± 2.24	-0.958	0.338
T stage	T3-T4	21	11.10 ± 1.67
N stage	N0	111	10.59 ± 2.18	-0.980	0.327
N stage	N1-N3	7	11.43 ± 1.51
M stage	M0	118	10.64 ± 2.15	-	-
M stage	M1	0	-
Pathological grade	I-II	62	10.48 ± 2.16	-1.363	0.173
Pathological grade	III-IV	50	11.00 ± 1.95

^aP < 0.001 vs group non-tumor.

^bP = 0.012 vs group female.

The test method is the Mann-Whitney U test. T stage: Tumor pathological stage; N stage: Node pathological stage; M stage: Metastasis pathological stage.

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Table 2 General characteristics of the included microarray and RNA-sequencing datasets on bladder cancer

Platform	Study ID	Year	Country	BLCA		Non-BLCA
Platform	Study ID	Year	Country	n	mean ± SD	n	mean ± SD
ArrayExpress	E-MTAB-1940	2015	France	82	7.129 ± 0.471	4	7.315 ± 0.669
GPL570	GSE7476	2007	Spain	169	8.348 ± 1.087	51	8.343 ± 1.480
	GSE31684	2011	United States
	GSE2109	2005	United States
	GSE31189	2013	United States
GPL6102	GSE19423	2010	South Korea	231	11.35 ± 0.631	74	10.93 ± 0.475
	GSE37815	2013	South Korea
	GSE13507	2010	South Korea
GPL14951	GSE65635	2015	Russia	140	14.19 ± 1.239	4	9.053 ± 0.185
GPL14951	GSE86411	2016	United States	140	14.19 ± 1.239	4	9.053 ± 0.185
GPL6791	GSE24152	2010	United States	10	8.339 ± 0.510	7	8.520 ± 0.381
GPL13497	GSE40355	2013	Germany	16	0.066 ± 0.933	8	0.385 ± 0.045
GPL17586	GSE76211	2017	China	3	7.235 ± 0.194	3	7.223 ± 0.038
TCGA	TCGA_BLCA	2021	United States	414	6.115 ± 0.673	19	5.176 ± 0.540

BLCA: Bladder cancer.

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Table 3 Information about these 13 immune checkpoint genes

Symbol	Type	Role with immunity
VTCN1	Ligand	Inhibit
CD28	Receptor	Activate
ICOS	Receptor	Activate
TNFRSF9	Receptor	Activate
CD70	Ligand	Activate
CD27	Receptor	Activate
TNFRSF18	Receptor	Activate
CD209	Ligand	Two side
BTNL3	Ligand	Two side
PDCD1 LG2	Ligand	Two side
IDO1	Ligand	Inhibit
PDCD1	Receptor	Inhibit
BTLA	Receptor	Inhibit

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Citation: Li SH, Liu ZS, Chen YJ, Li JD, Wei L, Chen YY, Zhang W, Huang ZG, Chen ZD, Chen G, Wei DM, Mo ZN, Deng LL. PIGU overexpression and regulation of cellular biological functions in bladder cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2026; 17(3): 117055
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-4333/full/v17/i3/117055.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v17.i3.117055

Li SH, Liu ZS, Chen YJ, Li JD, Wei L, Chen YY, Zhang W, Huang ZG, Chen ZD, Chen G, Wei DM, Mo ZN, Deng LL. PIGU overexpression and regulation of cellular biological functions in bladder cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2026; 17(3): 117055 [DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v17.i3.117055]

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