Edge learning applications in the prediction and classification of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: A comprehensive narrative review

Table 1 Comparison of hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma and combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma based on histopathological features

Features	HCC	CCA	Combined HCC-CCA
Tumor cell morphology	Polygonal tumor cells, abundant clear to eosinophilic cytoplasm	Cuboidal/columnar cells, vacuolated or pale eosinophilic cytoplasm	Mixed hepatocytic and cholangiocytic features
Architecture	Trabecular, solid, pseudoglandular pattern	Glandular/tubular structures in desmoplastic stroma	Mixed trabecular and glandular patterns
Bile production	Present	Absent	Present (in HCC areas)
Mucin production	Absent	Frequent	Present in cholangiocarcinoma component (or in CCA areas)
Immunohistochemical markers	Hepatocyte paraffin antigen 1 +, arginase-1 +, glypican 3+	Cytokeratin 7 +, cytokeratin 19 +, epithelial membrane antigen +	Co-expression of hepatocytic and biliary markers
Other histologic features	Steatosis, Mallory bodies, hyaline bodies	Marked fibrous stroma	Both hepatocytic and biliary differentiation within the same tumor

HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; CCA: Cholangiocarcinoma.