Human papillomavirus infection and screening strategies

Table 1 Summary of global human papillomavirus infection characteristics

Sub-Saharan Africa	24%-40%	HPV16, 18, 35, 52, 58	High HPV35 prevalence, genetic susceptibility, and limited healthcare resources
Asia	15%-20%	HPV16, 18, 52, 58, 33	High HPV52 and 58 prevalence; genetic and behavioral factors; low vaccine coverage in some areas
Latin America & Caribbean	15%-35%	HPV16, 18, 52, 58, 31	High HPV52 and 58 prevalence; multiple sexual partners; low vaccine coverage in the Caribbean
North America & Western Europe	5%-10%	HPV16, 18, 31, 33	High vaccination coverage and non-vaccine-covered types (e.g., HPV31, 33) are emerging as new concerns
Eastern Europe & Central Asia	21.40%	HPV16, 18, 31, 52	Insufficient healthcare resources and changing sexual behaviors increase transmission risk
Australia	5%-8%	HPV16, 18, 31, 33	High vaccination and screening coverage; incidence of cervical cancer near elimination

HPV: Human papillomavirus.

Table 2 The costs associated with each screening method

Pap smear	$30-$300
VIA/VILI	$10-$50
TCT	$100-$400
HPV DNA testing	$50-$200
Combined screening	$150-$600
Self-sampling	$50-$200
LEEP	$300-$1,000
Cone biopsy	$500-$2,000
Pap Smear	$30-$300
VIA/VILI	$10-$50
TCT	$100-$400

HPV: Human papillomavirus; TCT: Liquid-based cytology assay; LEEP: Loop electrosurgical excision procedure; VIA/VILI: Acetic acid/iodine staining.