Immunotherapy in glioblastoma treatment: Current state and future prospects

Table 1 Ongoing and completed clinical trials of oncolytic virus therapy in glioblastoma

NCT Number	Title	Status	Enrolled patients	Interventions	Country	Phase
NCT03714334	DNX-2440 Oncolytic Adenovirus for Recurrent Glioblastoma	Unknown status	24	Drug: DNX-2440 injection	Spain	Phase 1
NCT03294486	Safety and Efficacy of the oncolytic virus Armed for Local Chemotherapy, TG6002/5- FC, in Recurrent Glioblastoma Patients	Unknown status	78	Drug: Combination of TG6002 and 5- flucytosine (5-FC, Ancotil®)	France	Phase 1 and 2
NCT02197169	DNX-2401 With Interferon Gamma (IFN-#) for Recurrent Glioblastoma or Gliosarcoma Brain Tumors	Completed	37	Drug: Single intratumoral injection of DNX-2401; Drug: Interferon-gamma	United States	Phase 1
NCT01956734	Virus DNX2401 and Temozolomide in Recurrent Glioblastoma	Completed	31	Procedure: DNX2401 and Temozolomide	Spain	Phase 1
NCT05095441	A Clinical Study of Intratumoral MVR-C5252 (C5252) in Patients With Recurrent or Progressive Glioblastoma	Not yet recruiting	51	Biological: C5252	United States	Phase 1
NCT01174537	New Castle Disease Virus (NDV) in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), Sarcoma and Neuroblastoma	Withdrawn	0	Biological: New castle disease virus	Israel	Phase 1 and 2
NCT01491893	PVSRIPO for Recurrent Glioblastoma (GBM)	Completed	61	Biological: Recombinant nonpathogenic polio-rhinovirus chimera (PVSRIPO)	United States	Phase 1
NCT00028158	Safety and Effectiveness Study of G207, a Tumor-Killing Virus, in Patients With Recurrent Brain Cancer	Completed	65	Drug: G207, an oncolytic virus	Not provided	Phase 1 and 2
NCT03896568	MSC-DNX-2401 in Treating Patients With Recurrent High Grade Glioma	Recruiting	36	Biological: Oncolytic Adenovirus Ad5- DNX-2401; Procedure: Therapeutic conventional surgery	United States	Phase 1
NCT01582516	Safety Study of Replication competent Adenovirus (Delta-24-rgd) in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma	Completed	20	Biological: Delta-24- RGD adenovirus	Netherlands	Phase 1 and 2
NCT03072134	Neural Stem Cell Based Virotherapy of Newly Diagnosed Malignant Glioma	Completed	13	Biological: Neural stem cells loaded with an oncolytic adenovirus	United States	Phase 1
NCT01301430	0 Parvovirus H-1 (ParvOryx) in Patients With Progressive Primary or Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme.	Completed	18	Drug: H-1PV	Germany	Phase 1 and 2
NCT05084430	Study of Pembrolizumab and M032 (NSC 733972)	Active, not recruiting	28	Drug: M032; Drug: Pembrolizumab	United States	Phase 1 and 2
NCT02031965	Oncolytic HSV-1716 in Treating Younger Patients With Refractory or Recurrent High Grade Glioma That Can Be Removed By Surgery	Terminated	2	Biological: Oncolytic HSV-1716; Drug: Dexamethasone; Procedure: Therapeutic conventional surgery	United States	Phase 1
NCT02798406	Combination Adenovirus + Pembrolizumab to Trigger Immune Virus Effects	Completed	49	Biological: DNX-2401; Biological: Pembrolizumab	United States	Phase 2
NCT03657576	Trial of C134 in Patients With Recurrent GBM	Active, not recruiting	24	Biological: C134	United States	Phase 1
NCT03152318	A Study of the Treatment of Recurrent Malignant Glioma With rQNestin34.5v.2	Recruiting	62	Drug: rQNestin; Drug: Cyclophosphamide Procedure: Stereotactic biopsy	United States	Phase 1
NCT03043391	Phase 1b Study PVSRIPO for Recurrent Malignant Glioma in Children	Active, not recruiting	12	Biological: Polio/ Rhinovirus Recombinant (PVSRIPO)	United States	Phase 1
NCT05139056	Multiple Doses of Neural Stem Cell Virotherapy (NSC-CRAdS-pk7) for the Treatment of Recurrent High-Grade Gliomas	Withdrawn	0	Biological: Neural Stem Cells expressing CRAdS-pk7; Procedure: Resection	Not provided	Phase 1
NCT02062827	Genetically Engineered HSV-1 Phase 1 Study for the Treatment of Recurrent Malignant Glioma	Active, not recruiting	24	Biological: M032 (NSC 733972)	United States	Phase 1
NCT04482933	HSV G207 With a Single Radiation Dose in Children With Recurrent High-Grade Glioma	Not yet recruiting	40	Drug: Biological G207	United States	Phase 2
NCT02986178	PVSRIPO in Recurrent Malignant Glioma	Active, not recruiting	122	Biological: PVSRIPO	United States	Phase 2
NCT03911388	HSV G207 in Children With Recurrent or Refractory Cerebellar Brain Tumors	Recruiting	15	Biological: G207	United States	Phase 1
NCT02457845	HSV G207 Alone or With a Single Radiation Dose in Children With Progressive or Recurrent Supratentorial Brain Tumors	Active, not recruiting	13	Biological: G207	United States	Phase 1
NCT00528684	Safety and Efficacy Study of REOLYSIN® in the Treatment of Recurrent Malignant Gliomas	Completed	18	Biological: REOLYSIN®	United States	Phase 1
NCT03973879	Combination of PVSRIPO and Atezolizumab for Adults With Recurrent Malignant Glioma	Withdrawn	0	Biological: PVSRIPO; Drug: Atezolizumab	Not provided	Phase 1 and 2
NCT00314925	Safety Study of Seneca Valley Virus in Patients With Solid Tumors With Neuroendocrine Features	Unknown status	60	Drug: Seneca Valley virus (biological agent)	United States	Phase 1

Most data were obtained from findings from www.clinicaltrials.gov using the search terms “glioblastoma” and “oncolytic” filter.