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©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Clin Oncol. Jul 24, 2022; 13(7): 553-566
Published online Jul 24, 2022. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v13.i7.553
Published online Jul 24, 2022. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v13.i7.553
Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies |
Ipilimumab; Colorectal cancer; Melanoma; Renal cell carcinoma |
Anti-PD-1 antibodies |
Nivolumab; Bladder cancer; Colorectal cancer; Head and neck cancer; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; Melanoma; Non-small-cell lung cancer; Renal cell carcinoma; Cemiplimab; Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma; Pembrolizumab; Bladder cancer; Cervical cancer; Gastro-oesophageal junction cancers; Head and neck cancer; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; Merkel cell carcinoma; Metastatic solid tumours classified as microsatellite instability high or deficient mismatch repair; Non-small-cell lung cancer; Primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma; Stomach cancer |
Anti-PD-L1 antibodies |
Atezolizumab; Bladder cancer; Breast cancer; Non-small-cell lung cancer; Avelumab; Bladder cancer; Merkel cell carcinoma; Durvalumab; Bladder cancer; Non-small-cell lung cancer |
Condition | Interventions | Phase | Ref. | Status |
Solid tumor | ROBO1 CAR-NK cells | I/II | NCT03940820 | Recruiting |
Ewing sarcoma; Neuroblastoma; Rhabdomyosarcoma; Osteosarcoma; CNS tumors | Allogeneic HCT; Donor NK cell infusion | II | NCT02100891 | Active, not recruiting |
Brain and CNS tumors; leukemia; lymphoma; chronic myeloproliferative disorders; lymphoproliferative disorder multiple myeloma and plasma cell neoplasm; myelodysplastic syndrome; myelodysplastic/ myeloproliferative neoplasm; unspecified adult solid tumor, protocol specific | Donor NK cell infusion | I/II | NCT00823524 | Completed |
Malignant solid tumors | NK Immunotherapy | II | NCT02853903 | Completed |
Malignant solid tumors | NK Immunotherapy | I/II | NCT02857920 | Completed |
Multiple myeloma | CIML NK cells plus KP1237 and low dose IL-2 | I/II | NCT04634435 | Recruiting |
Hematological malignancy; | NK cell infusion | I | NCT01853358 | Completed |
leukemia; lymphoma; myeloma; Hodgkin's disease | NK-92 cells | I | NCT00990717 | Completed |
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia; chronic lymphoblastic leukemia; B-cell lymphoma | Fludarabine + Cyclophosphamide + CAR-NK-CD19 Cells | I | NCT04796688 | Recruiting |
Leukemia; lymphoma | NK cell infusion | I | NCT01287104 | Completed |
Name | Category | Structure | Mode of action | Status |
ASO | Inhibition of translation of cancer or angiogenesis associated proteins | Synthetic ssDNA or ssRNA oligos complementary to mRNA of interest | Rnase H mediated mRNA degradation | In clinical trials; LNP-based anti-Grb2 ASOs for leukemia[70] and solid tumors[71]; LNP-based anti-Bcl-2 ASOs for advanced lymphoid malignancies[72] |
siRNA | Inhibition of translation of cancer or angiogenesis associated proteins | Synthetic dsRNA oligos complementary to mRNA of interest | Dicer induces cleavage of dsRNA and RNA-induced silencing complex mRNA degradation | In clinical trials; Polymeric anti-KRAS siRNAs for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma[78]; LNP based anti-PKN3 siRNAs in patients with advanced solid tumors[79]; LNP based anti-KSP and anti-VEGF-A siRNAs in patients with solid tumors[80,81]; LNP based anti-PLK1 siRNAs in patients with solid tumors[82] |
saRNA | Forced exogenous gene expression | Synthetic dsRNA oligos complementary to mRNA of interest | Target gene promoters to induce transcriptional gene activation | In clinical trials; LNP based formulations for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[84] and advanced solid tumors[85] |
miRNA mimics | Regulation of post- transcriptional mRNA expression | Chemically modified dsRNA molecules designed to mimic endogenous microRNAs | Translational repression and gene silencing | Currently only in basic research[87] |
mRNA vaccines | Forced exogenous antigen expression | Synthetic mRNA | Induction of immune response against cancer cells | In clinical trials; LNP-based mRNA vaccines encoding known tumor-specific antigens are being investigated in early phase clinical trials in patients with HPV-driven squamous cell carcinoma[90], melanoma[90], ovarian[92], pancreatic, lung, and colorectal cancer[93]; Personalized vaccines based on patient specific neo-antigens are being assessed clinically for the treatment of melanoma[95] and breast cancer[96] |
- Citation: Nteli P, Bajwa DE, Politakis D, Michalopoulos C, Kefala-Narin A, Efstathopoulos EP, Gazouli M. Nanomedicine approaches for treatment of hematologic and oncologic malignancies. World J Clin Oncol 2022; 13(7): 553-566
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-4333/full/v13/i7/553.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v13.i7.553