COVID-19: Where is the treatment?

Table 1 Synthetic of evidence on coronavirus disease 2019 specific therapeutic strategies

Nature of therapeutics	PMID	Study type	Therapeutic	Benefits	Conclusion
Anti-viral drugs	32360583	SR	Lopinavir-ritonavir or ribavirin	Improved mortality rate, radiographical improvement and reduced clinical development	Inconclusive evidences, low quality of evidence and heterogeneity of interventions
	32309809		Lopinavir-ritonavir or Arbidol or Oseltamivir or Lianhuaqingwen capsule or interferon	No benefits in 199 subjects	Side effects. Inconclusive evidence lacks of data recording. Sample size
	32493740	SR & MA
	32293807	SR	Lopinavir-ritonavir	No clinical benefits	Adverse side effects. Inconclusive outcomes. Low body of evidence. Small sample size
	32506110		Remdesivir	No clinical benefits	Inconclusive outcomes high-quality evidence well-designed studies. Safety
	32378648
Immune therapy	32406927	SR	Plasma transfusion	Had beneficial outcomes	Side effects. Inconclusive outcomes. Very low-certainty. High risk of bias. Low reporting quality
	32272396		Plasma therapy or hyperimmune immunoglobulin transfusion	Had beneficial outcomes	More evidence. Promising strategy. Sample size. Lack of control group
	32527348
Anti-malaria drugs	32359203	SR	Hydroxychloroquine/Chloroquine	Had beneficial outcomes	Inconclusive outcomes. Methodological flaws. Risk of bias. Lack of evidence
	32281213			No clinical benefits	Lack of evidence. Safety issues
	32468425				Methodological flaws. Small sample size. Safety issues
	32173110				Lack of evidence. Safety issues. Methodological flaws. Small sample size
	32519281
Hormone therapy	32283144	SR & MA	Corticosteroids	No clinical benefits	Lack of evidence. Adverse side effects. Methodological flaws. Caution needed
	32409522	SR
	32372026
	32391369
Anti-hypertension drugs	32542337	SR & MA	ACEI/ARB	Had beneficial outcomes	Conflicting results, scarce existing data. Diverse study types. Inconsistent clinical studies, more RCT needed

ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: Angiotensin-receptor blockers; RCT: Randomised controlled trial; SR: Systematic reviews; MA: Meta-analysis.

Table 2 Vaccines specific to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 under clinical investigation and their development status

Vaccine name	Vaccine type	Status	Registration ID	Date of registration	Developer
2019-nCOV	Adenovirus vaccine	Phase II	ChiCTR2000031781	10-Apr-20	Academy of Military Medical Sciences
Ad5-nCoV	Adenovirus vaccine	Phase II	NCT04341389	10-Apr-20	CanSino Biologics
AV-COVID-19	Autologous dendritic cells	Phase IB/II	NCT04386252	13-May-20	Aivita Biomedical, Inc
BBIBP-CorV	Inactivated virus	Phase I/II	ChiCTR2000032459	29-Apr-20	Beijing Institute of Biological Products & Sinopharm
BNT162	mRNA vaccine	Phase I/II	NCT04380701	8-May-20	BioNTech and Pfizer
ChAdOx1	Adenovirus vaccine	Phase II/III	NCT04400838	26-May-20	University of Oxford
Covax-19™	SARS-CoV-2 spike protein	Phase I	NCT04428073	11-Jun-20	GeneCure Biotechnologies
COVID-19/aAPC	Antigen presenting cells	Phase I	NCT04299724	9-Mar-20	Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute
INO-4800	DNA vaccine	Phase I	NCT04336410	7-Apr-20	Inovio Pharmaceuticals
LV-SMENP-DC	Lentiviral vector system	Phase I/II	NCT04276896	19-Feb-20	Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute
mRNA-1273	mRNA vaccine	Phase II	NCT04405076	28-May-20	ModernaTX, Inc
NVX-CoV2373	Recombinant Spike Protein	Phase I/II	NCT04368988	30-Apr-20	Novavax
PiCoVacc	Inactivated virus + adjuvant	Phase I/II	NCT04352608	20-Apr-20	Sinovac
V- SARS	Heat-inactivated plasma	Phase I/II	NCT04380532	8-May-20	Immunitor LLC
Vero cells	Inactivated virus	Phase I/II	ChiCTR2000031809	11-Apr-20	Wuhan Institute of Biological Products & Sinopharm

LLC: Lewis lung carcinoma; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; SARS: Severe acute respiratory syndrome.