Targeting tumor metabolism through precision nutrition: A therapeutic strategy to improve cancer outcomes

Figure 1 Integrated mechanisms connecting external stressors, inflammation, and cancer progression. Figure was created using Canva (https://canva.link/Lu2v4qzacbsaruw). DAMP: Damage-associated molecular patterns; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HPV: Human papillomavirus; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus; JIA: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis; PM/DM: Polymyositis/dermatomyositis; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; AID: Activation-induced cytidine deaminase.

Figure 2 The three pillars of probiotic function: Colonisation resistance, immunomodulation, and barrier integrity. Figure was created using Canva (https://canva.link/taxbfp23h0tbful). DCs: Dendritic cells; Th17: T helper 17; Treg: Regulatory T cells; CXCR4: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; MHC-1: Major histocompatibility complex class I; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1; ZO-2: Zonula occludens-2.

Figure 3 Differential metabolic pathways in normal vs cancer cells under a ketogenic diet. Figure was created using Canva (https://canva.link/k9yiddt9Ll5yksc). AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; CoA: Coenzyme A; TCA: Tricarboxylic acid; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate.