Risk factors for surgical site infection after craniotomy for meningioma resection in a tertiary hospital in China

Figure 1 Variable selection by Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regression (representative results from imputed dataset 1). A: Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator coefficient profiles across the regularization path; B: Cross-validation curve for tuning the penalty parameter; 7 variables were selected under the minimum criterion and 4 under the 1-standard-error criterion. Final model variables were determined by selection frequency across all 10 imputed datasets (Supplementary Figure 1). lambda.min: Lambda. minimum; lambda.1se: Lambda. 1-standard-error; NLR: Nutritional risk index.

Figure 2 Restricted cubic spline of the association between surgery time (hours) and surgical site infection risk. The solid line indicates the estimated odds ratio and the shaded area the 95% confidence interval. SSI: Surgical site infection; RCS: Restricted cubic splines; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; Rug: Rug marks.

Figure 3  Sensitivity and specificity across surgery time thresholds.

Figure 4  Proposed perioperative workflow for the 304-hour surgery-time threshold (illustrative; pending prospective validation).