Emerging multifaceted roles of the microbiome in cancer susceptibility

Figure 1 Contribution of host genetics, microbiome, environmental factors, and their bidirectional interactions to cancer susceptibility. The host gene-environment, host gene-microbiome, and microbiome-environment bidirectional interactions play critical roles in cancer susceptibility.

Figure 2 The microbiome and the hallmarks of cancer. The microbiome modulates the majority of the hallmarks of cancer.

Figure 3 Direct and indirect genetic effect on cancer susceptibility. The microbiome can serve as a mediator of genetic susceptibility.

Figure 4 Bidirectional interactions between the microbiome and environmental pollutants and their contribution to cancer susceptibility. The interactions between the microbiome and environmental pollutants modulate cancer susceptibility.

Figure 5  Analytical methods for microbiome-wide association study.