Molecular targets and mechanisms of different aberrant alternative splicing in metastatic liver cancer

Figure 1 Seven types of variable splicing in vivo. (1) ES: Exon skip; (2) RI: Retained intron; (3) AD: Alternate Donor site; (4) AA: Alternate acceptor site; (5) AP: Alternate promoter; (6) AT: Alternate terminator; (7) ME: Mutually exclusive exons.

Figure 2 During Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1 expression is reduced, promoting the transition from variant CD44 to standard CD44, and can promote liver metastasis of lung, breast, stomach, and ovarian cancers. CD44s: Standard CD44; CD44v: Variant CD44; ESRP1: Epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1; EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Figure 3 Exons 6-14 of CD44 gene undergo alternative splicing in the membrane-proximal stem region, resulting in a variety of variable splicing variants (CD44 variant isoform, variant CD44; Including CD44v2-v10). CD44s: Standard CD44; CD44v: Variant CD44.