Gut-brain axis and post-operative cognitive dysfunction: A multifactorial perspective on microbiota, inflammation, and cognitive health

Figure 1 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses.

Figure 2 Mechanisms linking gut microbiota and central nervous system function. Gut microbiota influences the immune system, neurotransmitter regulation, cytokine signaling, vagus nerve activity, and intestinal barrier integrity. These pathways collectively affect central nervous system function and contribute to neuroinflammation. CNS: Central nervous system.