Precision immunotherapy in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Molecular pathogenesis and checkpoint inhibitor response prediction

doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v17.i2.119778

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics

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2150-5349

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. Jun 5, 2026; 17(2): 119778
Published online Jun 5, 2026. doi: 10.4292/wjgpt.v17.i2.119778

Precision immunotherapy in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Molecular pathogenesis and checkpoint inhibitor response prediction

Meer M Chisthi, Sindhu Viswanath, Krishnakumar G Kuttanchettiyar

Meer M Chisthi, Krishnakumar G Kuttanchettiyar, Department of General Surgery, Government Medical College Kollam, Parippally 691574, Kerala, India

Sindhu Viswanath, Department of Ear Nose Throat, Government Medical College Trivandrum, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India

Co-first authors: Meer M Chisthi and Sindhu Viswanath.

Author contributions: Chisthi MM and Viswanath S drafted the manuscript, vetted the manuscript, have made crucial and indispensable contributions towards the completion of the project and thus qualified as the co-first authors of the paper; Viswanath S and Kuttanchettiyar KG acquired and analyzed the data; all authors approved the final version to be published and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

AI contribution statement: An AI tool (DeepSeek) was used only to assist with language polishing, grammar improvement, and phrasing refinement after the original manuscript was fully written by the authors. No AI tool was used to generate scientific content, research data, interpretation, conclusions, or images. All intellectual work, study design, data analysis, and final approval remain solely the authors’ responsibility.

Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.

Corresponding author: Meer M Chisthi, Associate Professor, Department of General Surgery, Government Medical College Kollam, Kollam, Parippally 691574, Kerala, India. meerchisthi.m@tmc.kerala.gov.in

Received: February 10, 2026
Revised: March 3, 2026
Accepted: April 2, 2026
Published online: June 5, 2026
Processing time: 111 Days and 4.7 Hours

Core Tip

Core Tip: Precision immunotherapy is transforming the management of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). This review synthesizes current knowledge on the molecular drivers of ESCC and the complex tumour-immune interactions that dictate response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). We detail established and emerging biomarkers-such as programmed death-ligand 1 expression, tumour mutational burden, and circulating tumour DNA-for predicting ICI efficacy. The discussion extends to mechanisms of resistance and future directions, including novel immune targets and multi-omics integration for personalized treatment strategies, aiming to guide clinicians and researchers toward more effective, tailored immunotherapeutic interventions.