Novel biomarkers of fibrosis in Crohn’s disease

Table 1 Overview of fibrosis biomarkers and relative references

Biomarkers	Alteration/finding	Ref.
Genetic markers
NOD2/CARD15	Polymorphisms	Barrett et al[8], 2008, Lesage et al[9] 2002, Yamazaki et al[10] 2002, Buhner et al[11] 2006, Abreu et al[12] 2002, Jürgens et al[13] 2010, Alvarez-Lobos et al[14] 2005
Epigenetic markers
MD-2	Demethylation	Vamadevan et al[39] 2010
IFN-γ	Methylation	Gonsky et al[40] 2011
TH1	????	Gonsky et al[40] 2011
miR-200b	Increase	Chen et al[41] 2012
miR-29a	Decrease	Nijhuis et al[42] 2014
Serological markers
ASCA	High concentration	Vasiliauskas et al[17] 2000, Forcione et al[18] 2004, Mow et al[20] 2004, Ferrante et al[21] 2007, Rieder et al[22] 2010, Seow et al[23] 2009, Arnott et al[25] 2004, Papp et al[26] 2008, Simondi et al[24] 2008
Anti-OmpC	High concentration	Mow et al[20] 2004, Arnott et al[25] 2004, Ferrante et al[21] 2007, Papp et al[26] 2008
Anti-I2	High concentration	Mow et al[20] 2004, Arnott et al[25] 2004
Anti-CBir1	High concentration	Targan et al[19] 2005
ALCA	High concentration	Ferrante et al[21] 2007, Rieder et al[22] 2010, Seow et al[23] 2009, Papp et al[26] 2008, Simondi et al[24] 2008
AMCA	High concentration	Ferrante et al[21] 2007, Rieder et al[22] 2010, Seow et al[23] 2009, Papp et al[26] 2008
ACCA	High concentration	Ferrante et al[21] 2007, Seow et al[23] 2009, Papp et al[26] 2008
Anti-C	High concentration	Rieder et al[22] 2010, Seow et al[23] 2009
Anti-L	High concentration	Rieder et al[22] 2010, Seow et al[23] 2009
CRP	Increase	Henriksen et al[29] 2008
Laminin	Increase	Koutroubakis et al[30] 2003a
Collagen IV	Decrease	Koutroubakis et al[30] 2003a
Fibronectin	Decrease	Allan et al[28] 1989
YKL-40	Increase	Koutroubakis et al[33] 2003b
bFGF	Increase	Di Sabatino et al[34] 2004
Radiological markers
MRI	Enhancement patterns	Rimola et al[46] 2015
PET-MRI	Quantitative-qualitative analysis	Catalano et al[53] 2016, Pellino et al[49] 2016

ASCA: Anti-Saccaromyces cerevisiae antibody; anti-OmpC: Anti-Escherichia coli outer membrane porine C antibody; Anti-I2: Anti-Pseudomonas fluorescens associated sequence I2 antibody; Anti-CBir1: Anti-bacterial flagellin antibody; ALCA: Anti-laminaribioside carbohydrate antibody; AMCA: Anti-mannobioside carbohydrate antibody; ACCA: Anti-chitobioside carbohydrate antibody; Anti-C: Anti-chitin antibody; Anti-L: Anti-laminarin antibody; CRP: C-reactive protein; YKL-40: Chitinase-like glycoprotein; bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; PET: Positron emission tomography.