Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in inflammatory bowel disease: The role of chronic inflammation

Table 1 Clinical studies that have found overlap in treatment between inflammatory bowel disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease indicating that the underlying chronic inflammatory process in patients with inflammatory bowel disease may drive atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk, and vice versa

Ref.	Study type	The number of patients	Efficacy in treatment overlap
Ungaro et al[43]	Retrospective matched case-control study	A total of 9617 cases and 46665 controls were included in the analysis	Statistically significant decreased risk of new onset IBD in patients taking statin therapy
Wengrower et al[44]	Chemically induced colitis, animal model	A total of 40 male rats were divided into normal control, captopril only, induced-colitis control, and induced-colitis with captopril arms	A significant reduction in fibrosis, levels of TGF-beta1 mRNA, and protein was found in patients with IBD taking captopril
Patel et al[58]	Chemically induced Crohn’s and UC, animal model	A total of 48 mice, divided into induced Crohn’s and UC arms, further divided into normal, disease, disease with standard therapy, and disease with clopidogrel	A statistically significant reduction in disease activity and colonic mucosal damage was seen in mice on clopidogrel
Rungoe et al[37]	Nationwide, population-based retrospective cohort study	A total of 28833 patients with IBD were compared to matched non-IBD patients from a dataset of 4.6 million	A statistically significant reduction in risk of ischemic heart disease was seen in patients given 5-ASA
Zanoli et al[61]	Multicenter prospective longitudinal study	334 patients with IBD were followed for 4 yr	In patients with IBD anti-TNFα therapy reduced aortic pulse-wave velocity (a surrogate for cardiovascular risk)

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; TGF: Transforming growth factor; UC: Ulcerative colitis; 5-ASA: 5-aminosalicylic acid; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.